PYC3705 EXAM PACK.

PYC3705 EXAM PACK. PYC3705 - Transformative Counselling Encounters. Providing equality of resources and opportunity for all people upholds the ethical principle of ___. 1. veracity 2. autonomy 3. beneficence 4. justice Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: The study guide suggests that clinical and counselling psychologists (and by implication counsellors) need to take into account more than just the ‘traditional values’ of personal growth, protection of health, and caring and compassion. They suggest attention to group and collective aspects of well-being: diversity, collaboration, support for community infrastructures, and social justice. This can be done by emphasising personal, relational and collective values to avoid disempowerment by blaming an individual, a family or a group. Value: Social Justice Ethical Principle: Counsellors challenge social injustice. Counsellors pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. These activities seek to promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Counselling must strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision making for all people. Question 3 The study unit on surveying life within the cracks teaches us ___. 1. that by nature, human beings do not have the desire to solve their own problems hence a constant pool towards failing within the cracks 2. to think about people's experiences of pain, suffering and strive from the context which they are part of 3. to sympathise better with our clients 4. that we will not be able to solve our clients' problems unless we succeed in identifying pathological patterns in their behaviour Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: The study unit on surveying life within the cracks teaches us: • be sensitive to contextual cues and understand that counselling and counselling-related processes happen in context; • see counselling as a way of being in relationship to others; • understand the importance of having a frame of reference, and • see the importance of language as a connective device that can enhance counselling encounters and counselling-related processes. Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 4 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Question 4 Which of the following is not considered one of the three essential counsellor attributes for building the therapeutic relationship? 1. Congruence 2. Open questioning 3. Unconditional positive regard. 4. Empathy Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 64 Reasoning: Option 2 refers to an essential micro-skill, while options 1, 3 and 4 refers to essential attributes. Among other things, the counsellor’s warmth, congruence, empathy and nonjudgemental and unconditionally accepting attitude towards the client are of great importance. Question 5 The following statement by the counsellor is an example of what skill? Client· What's the point in trying to stop using, I always relapse sooner or later Counsellor "You don't see the benefit of stopping at the moment" 1. Summarising. 2. Paraphrase 3. Reflection 4. Reframe Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: PYC3705 Study Note 3 Reasoning: Reflecting feelings is putting words to feelings observed in the client, while paraphrasing is conveying the same meaning in different words. Note that the counsellor’s response does not add any new content (a feeling) to what the client said, therefore option 2 is the correct answer. Question 6 Which of the following responses is a reflection of feeling for the statement? "The future looks good since I have stopped using alcohol? 1. 'You are anticipating some good times ahead of you now" 2. "That sounds great" 3. 'You have done well" 4. "Things are working out for you now" Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: PYC3705 Study Note 3 Reasoning: When reflecting feelings to your client: Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 5 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations • Use an appropriate introductory phrase (e.g., sounds like...., you feel...., it seems...etc.) • Add a feeling word or emotional label to the stem. • Add a context or brief paraphrase to anchor or broaden the reflection. Question 7 Which of the following is an open question? 1. Do you always inject your drugs? 2. Will you consider going into detox? 3. What plans do you have for the next week? 4. How much per week does your drinking cost you? Answer: The correct answer is 3 Reasoning: Open ended questions can in most cases not be answered with a one-word response. Options 1 and 2 can be answered yes/no and option 4 can be answered with a value. Question 8 What is being built in the first interview that is required for counselling to continue? 1. Faith 2. Non-professional relationship 3. Rapport 4. Friendship Answer: The correct answer is 3 Reasoning: Rapport can be understood as a harmonious or empathic relationship. The development of rapport starts with the initial contact and continues throughout the counselling process. Effective rapport is crucial for individuals seeking counselling, as this may be the first encounter with a professional counsellor and this interaction may either encourage or discourage the client from seeking counselling in the future or following up for subsequent counselling sessions. Question 9 The aim of using active listening skills is to 1. Help the client feel understood 2. Encourage the client to disclose information 3. Assist in establishing rapport 4. All of the above Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 36 Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 6 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Reasoning: Question 10 The client's right to agree to participate in counselling, assessment, or other professional procedures or service after such services are explained and understood is ___. 1. Professional responsibility 2. Personal responsibility 3. Professional relationship 4. Informed consent. Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: The psychologist should give the client the information she need to give informed consent right from the start. Topics to discuss include: • Limits of confidentiality • Nature and extent of your psychologist’s record-keeping • Expertise, experience and training • What services your psychologist can’t or won’t provide • Estimated length of therapy • Alternative approaches to treatment or service • Fees and billing practices Question 11 You have come across ethical approaches to problem solving in this module. One of those approaches has been to do with considering the effects of particular actions in particular contexts. 1. Normative ethical approach 2. Virtue ethical approach 3. Relational ethical approach 4. Legal ethical approach Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Study Note 6 Reasoning: Relational approach • Considering the effects of particular actions in particular contexts Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 7 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations • Combines relationship and ethics into a multidimensional concept • There is a complex medium through which decisions and interactions associated with a relationship are engaged with • Codes and standards inform rather than determine our ethical decisions • Each client, counsellor and situation is unique • Thinking and feeling through ethical dilemmas Question 12 Which of the following are not ways of being ethically responsible related to culture? 1. recognizing that traditional ways of providing help may not be sufficient for clients from another culture 2. assuming that the client wants to assimilate into the dominant culture 3. demonstrating interest in the client's culture 4. becoming aware of your own values Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: It is crucial that counsellors do not become culturally encapsulated. Cultural encapsulation puts counsellors at risk of using stereotypes, becoming judgmental, and imposing their values on their clients. Counsellors’ awareness of personal culture will benefit their clients and help them with the process of gaining awareness of cultures that are different from their own. The most important work for every counsellor is to become more culturally responsive and respectful. Cultural competence is first and foremost a commitment to take the next step, and the next and the next toward offering accessible and appropriate services for the diverse clients and communities being served. Counsellors need to learn to ask questions sensitively and to show respect for different cultural beliefs. Question 13 The ethical issue of "recognising limits" refers to 1. not going over the established time for the session 2. not practicing beyond the areas of competence 3. 1 and 2 4. none of 1 and 2 Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: As a counsellor, you strive to help your clients come to terms with issues presenting deep concern to their emotional health and well-being. Part of being an effective counsellor relies on knowing when you can be of assistance to your clients and when your duties as a counsellor prevent you from causing undue harm. Your limitations as a counsellor are determined by your level of experience, your expertise in a given counselling area and the legal requirements regarding your responsibility to warn in your practicing state. Counsellors should not practice outside of their area of expertise without proper training and supervision. A counsellor practicing in an academic setting may have received basic training in the treatment of clients with chemical addictions; Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 8 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations however, if this counsellor has not had experience in the treatment of addictions, he/she should seek supervision and training in the area prior to engaging in active treatment with an addictions client. When appropriate, counsellors should refer their clients to other counsellors qualified in treating their patient's specific needs. Question 14 The client's right to keep the counselling relationship secret is ___. 1. Confidentiality 2. Their business 3. Privacy 4. The client's responsibility Answer: The correct answer is Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: Client's right to keep the relationship a secret is privacy. There a difference between confidentiality and privacy. We often use the terms "confidentiality" and "privacy" interchangeably in counselling. However, they mean distinctly different things from a legal standpoint. To begin with, confidentiality refers to personal information shared with a counsellor or therapist that generally cannot be divulged to third parties without the express consent of the client. On the other hand, privacy refers to the freedom from intrusion into one's personal matters, and personal information. While confidentiality is an ethical duty, privacy is a right rooted in common law. Question 15 Unconditional positive regard means ___. 1. liking everyone equally 2. verbalizing a lot of validation to clients 3. accepting a client despite his or her behaviour 4. principle ethics Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: Unconditional positive regard is a term credited to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers and is used in client-centred therapy. Practicing unconditional positive regard means accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation. Question 16 Empathy involves 1. Feeling sorry for someone 2. Putting others before yourself 3. Putting yourself in someone else's shoes 4. Putting yourself before others. Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 9 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Reasoning: Empathy has been described in different ways: walking in another's shoes, entering into another person's frame of reference or having the ability to experience life as the other person does by entering the person's world of thoughts, feelings, emotions and meanings. In counselling, empathy is an expression of the regard and respect the counsellor holds for the client whose experiences maybe quite different from that of the counsellor. The client needs to feel "held", understood as well as respected. Empathy means the counsellor is capable to accept and support the client through any issues, concerns, problems she/he can bring. The ability to empathise with another is enhanced by an alert attentiveness to facial expressions, body language, gestures, intuition, silences and so on. Sympathy on the other hand is not empathy. Sympathy is feeling sorry for someone. It is to create sorrow in oneself in response to the perceived sense of another. When we feel sympathy for someone we might view them with pity. While pity makes a victim of the sufferer, empathy empowers them: "I have a sense of your world, you are not alone, we will go through this together". Carl Rogers, the founder of person centred counselling, concluded that the important elements of empathy are: - the counsellor understands the client's feelings - the counsellor's responses reflect the client's mood and the content of what has been said - the counsellors' tone of voice conveys the ability to share the client's feelings. Question 17 Which of the following aspects might be considered as the central tenets of client-centred therapy? 1. Empathy. 2. Unconditional positive regard 3. Congruence. 4. All of the above Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 64 Reasoning: Among other things, the counsellor’s warmth, congruence, empathy and nonjudgemental and unconditionally accepting attitude towards the client are of great importance. Question 18 The study guide of Transformative Counselling Encounters highlighted that counselling must aims to 1. Promote personal growth that allows a person to live a productive and satisfying life 2. Provide a successful diagnosis in psychopathology 3. Ensure that clients are on the correct medication 4. Solely address behaviour Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 101 Reasoning: To achieve this, a counsellor aims to create and maintain an emotionally safe space and an accepting, caring relationship in which the client can explore, discover and clarify ways of living more satisfyingly and resourcefully. Throughout the counselling Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 10 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations process, the responsibility for growth and change remains with the client. Essentially, it is about helping others to help themselves, and helping them to grow in the way that they choose. It is ultimately the client’s responsibility and right to choose how they address their own problems or issues (Da Rocha Kustner, Meyersfeld, Brouard & the Adherence Networking Group, 2008). To counsel means to encourage people to make sense of their life experiences and create meaningful aspirations. Question 19 Which of the following specifically restricts the use of psychological measures to appropriately trained psychology professionals? 1. Professional Code of Conduct. 2. South African Constitution 3. Health Professions Act, No 56 of 1974 4. All are correct Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: The use of a psychometric measuring device, test, questionnaire, technique or instrument that assesses intellectual/cognitive ability/functioning, aptitude, interest, personality make-up or personality functioning and which may, in terms of its content or responses required, result in either embarrassment or anxiety to the test-taker, is constituted as being a psychological measure. According to the Health Professions Act, Act 56 of 1974, only registered psychologists are permitted to perform psychological measures which, in relation to evaluation, testing and assessment. Question 20 The following are important when initiating the termination phase' 1. Ask the client to summarize the main points that have emerged In the session. 2. Emphasize achievements 3. Both 1 & 2. 4. None of 1 & 2 Answer: The correct answer is 3 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: From the above question options 3 and 4 refer to options 1 and 2. The counsellor summarises the main points of progress and emphasises achievements that the client has made during the session or sessions. Very often, clients will forget the advances they have made, or neglect to give themselves credit for their accomplishments. Doing this with them can instil confidence and provide them with a positive perspective on what counselling helped them to do. The counsellor can also ask the client to summarise main points — ask your clients what they learned, what they intend to do with what they have learned, what they found helpful about their sessions and how they felt about their participation in the process. Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 11 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Question 21 Which, if any of the following, would be considered a counsellor's goal in therapy? 1. Managing current problems 2. Developing skills to prevent further problems 3. Developing the (life) skilled person 4. All of the above Answer: The correct answer is 4 Question 22 When is it useful for a counsellor to summarise in an interview with the client? 1. To add direction and coherence to the interview. 2. To conclude an interview 3. At the beginning of a session to review what was discussed last session. 4. All of the above Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: PYC3705 Tutorial Letter 101/2018 Reasoning: Summarisations are frequently used when: 1. You wish to structure the beginning of a session by recalling the high points of a previous session. Option 3 2. The client's presentation of a topic has been either confusing or just plain lengthy and rambling. Option 1 3. A client seems to have expressed everything of importance to her or him on a particular topic, and summarising provides closure, so you can move on. 4. Plans for taking the next step in counselling require mutual assessment and agreement on what has been learned so far. 5. Summarisation is also used as a way to close a session Option 2. Question 23 If you wanted to establish rapport with a client, which of the following behaviours would you exhibit? 1. Maintain appropriate eye contact. 2. Move around continuously in your seat 3. Mirror your client's actions 4. Both (1) and (3). Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 112 Reasoning: As facilitator of song and dance you stay in the present and the immediacy of the process. You acknowledge, you mirror, you listen, you ask, and you confirm the person (and not the symptom). Note that moving around continuously in your seat can make the client uncomfortable, therefore option 2 is incorrect. Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 12 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Question 24 ___ involves accepting the client non-judgmentally as a person of value, regardless of strengths and weaknesses. 1. Congruence 2. Unconditional Positive Regard 3. Therapeutic Alliance 4. Non-judgmental with conditional positive regard Answer: The correct answer is 2 Refer: Tutorial Letter 202/2/2017 Reasoning: Unconditional positive regard is a term credited to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers and is used in client-centred therapy. Practicing unconditional positive regard means accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation. Question 25 When the term ___ is applied to counselling, it means that the approach to counselling recognises culture as central and not marginal, fundamental and not exotic, for all appropriate counselling interventions. 1. culture-centred 2. Universal 3. Cross cultural 4. Tolerant Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: PYC3705 Study Note 5 Reasoning: Culture controls our lives and defines reality for each of us, with or without our permission and/or intentional awareness. A “culture-centered” approach to counselling recognises culture as central and not marginal, fundamental and not exotic, for all appropriate counselling interventions. Question 26 Which of the following might be considered as the central tenets of client-centred therapy: 1. Empathy. 2. Unconditional positive regard 3. Congruence 4. All of the above. Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 64 Reasoning: Among other things, the counsellor’s warmth, congruence, empathy and nonjudgemental and unconditionally accepting attitude towards the client are of great importance. Question 27 Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 13 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Minimal encouragers are commonly used when two people have a conversation. They are useful to encourage the client to continue talking and can help to give you more information. Minimal encouragers can be either verbal or nonverbal responses that affirm that the counsellor is actually listening to what is being said. An example of a non-verbal minimal encourager includes 1. a head nod 2. mmmm 3. a raised eyebrow 1. only 1 and 3 Answer: The correct answer is 4 Reasoning: Option 2 refers to a verbal minimal encourager, while the question asks to identify non-verbal minimal encouragers. Question 28 Identify the correct listing of the six basic ethical principles in counselling 1. individuality, autonomy, improve the situation of others, do no harm, justice, and reliability 2. autonomy, improve the situation of others, do no harm, justice, reliability, and genuineness 3. generativity, justice, individuality, liberty, veracity, and improve the situation of others 4. justice, veracity, reliability, consensuality, autonomy, and practicality Answer: The correct answer is 2 Reasoning: Definitions of words • Veracity - conformity to facts; accuracy. • Individuality - the quality or character of a particular person or thing that distinguishes them from others of the same kind, especially when strongly marked. • Autonomy - the right or condition of self-government. • Justice - just behaviour or treatment. • Reliability - the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well. • Genuineness - possessing the claimed or attributed character, quality, or origin; not counterfeit; authentic; real • Generativity - ability to transcend personal interests to provide care and concern for younger and older generations • Liberty - the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's behaviour or political views. • Practicality - the quality or state of being practical. • Consensuality - existing or made by mutual consent Question 29 Which of the following is not a true statement about the use of minimal encourages? 1. Minimal encouragers do not include appropriate silences 2. Affirm that the counsellor is actually listening 3. Overuse can be disruptive and intrusive 4. Encourage the client to continue talking Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 14 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: PYC3705 Study Guide, pg. 114 Reasoning: The intentional use of attending skills, such as paraphrasing of content, reflection of feeling, summarising as an outline of content and feeling, open-ended questions, and silences, usually result in less talk by the counsellor and more self-expression by the client. Therefore, appropriate silences, just like nodding one’s head, can be considered a part of minimal encouragers. Question 30 The purposes of paraphrasing is ___. 1. To convey that you are understanding the client 2. Help the client by simplifying, focusing and crystallising what they said 3. May encourage the client to elaborate and provide a check on the accuracy of your perceptions 4. All are the purpose of paraphrasing Answer: The correct answer is 4 Refer: Study Note 3 Reasoning: Paraphrasing • Conveys the same meaning with different words/ conveys the essence of what the client said • Tentative, clear and concise, helps clarify things • Used to check perceptions • Conveys the message “I’m with you” Question 31 Which of the following must you do to achieve cultural competence as a counsellor? 1. Complete at least six hours of graduate level coursework related to working with diverse clients 2. Become aware of your own worldview as well as the assumptions, values, and biases of the counselling approach you are using 3. Effectively provide services to four diverse clients and document that service in your professional portfolio 4. Attend at least one continuing education workshop on multicultural counselling every two years Answer: The correct answer is 2 Reasoning: A culturally competent counsellor does not see her or his group’s cultural heritage, history, values, language, traditions, arts/crafts, as superior to that of others. A culturally competent counsellor is open to the values, norms, and cultural heritage of clients and does not impose her or his values/beliefs on clients. Question 32 Those counsellors adopting a ___ perspective argue for the use of culture-specific strategies in counselling. Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 15 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations 1. cross-cultural 2. culturally universal 3. culturally relative 4. multicultural Answer: The correct answer is 3 Reasoning: A cultural universal, as discussed by Emile Durkheim, George Murdock, Claude LéviStrauss, Donald Brown and others, is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the human condition. Cross-cultural - relating to different cultures or comparison between them. Multi-cultural - relating to or containing several cultural or ethnic groups within a society Culturally relative - Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Question 33 Those counsellors adopting a ___ perspective assume that sound counselling practice will work for anyone and need not vary in different cultural contexts 1. multicultural 2. culturally universal 3. cross-cultural 4. culturally relative Answer: The correct answer is 2 Reasoning: A cultural universal, as discussed by Emile Durkheim, George Murdock, Claude LéviStrauss, Donald Brown and others, is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the human condition. Cross cultural - relating to different cultures or comparison between them. Multi-cultural - relating to or containing several cultural or ethnic groups within a society Culturally relative - Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. Question 34 As a counselling practitioner in one of the helping professions, you will be expected to ___. 1. know not only about theories of counselling, but about how they are relevant to and effective with diverse clients. 2. develop your own theory of counselling 3. employ your chosen theoretical orientation with your mainstream clients but ignore theory when working with diverse clients. 4. be a master of at least two counselling micro-skills Answer: The correct answer is 1 Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 16 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations Question 35 Things such as cultural values, political movements, historical events, and economic factors are known as the ___ within which counselling theories originate 1. contexts 2. factors 3. boundaries 4. frameworks Answer: The correct answer is 1 Refer: Study Note 6 Reasoning: Aspects of relational ethics: • Considering the effects of particular actions in particular contexts • Combines relationship and ethics into a multidimensional concept • There is a complex medium through which decisions and interactions associated with a relationship are engaged with • Codes and standards inform rather than determine our ethical decisions • Each client, counsellor and situation is unique • Thinking and feeling through ethical dilemmas Answer the following essay question: Question 1 (a) Discuss the role of micro skills in counselling and name any 4 micro skills used in counselling to substantiate your answer (10) Answer: Counselling Micro-skills are specific skills a counsellor can use to enhance their communication with clients. These skills enable a counsellor to effectively build a working alliance and engage clients in discussion that is both helpful and meaningful. When working with clients, counsellors use a basic set of core micro-counselling skills which assist in developing a therapeutic relationship with the client, and establish a foundation for communication. These skills involve rapport building, the use of active listening, asking open questions, and summarising the information given to them by the client. The following eight fundamental skills that alone or together can help a client to access their deepest thoughts or clarify their future dreams: 1. Attending Behaviour 2. Questioning 3. Responding 4. Noting and Reflecting 5. Client Observation 6. Confrontation 7. Focusing 8. Influencing Micro-counselling skills form an integral part of the clinical relationship. It enables trust and rapport as well as more ability to obtain accurate information. Counsellors with empathy, unconditional positive regard and a non-judgemental attitude are essential in the role, and are often better able to quickly establish a positive Downloaded by: Alecha | Distribution of this document is illegal S - The study-notes marketplace 17 PYC3705 Transformative Counselling Encounters – Exam Preparations therapeutic alliance. When coupled with good micro-skills, including Clarifying, Influencing, Paraphrasing and Summarising they are able to accurately convey these positive attitudes. • Microskills are the basic foundational skills involved in effective helping relationships. • They are the foundational tools on which the success of interventions with clients may depend. • They help to create the necessary conditions from which positive change can take place. • They provide the client with such alliance building constructs as empathic understanding, genuineness and acceptance, and will greatly facilitate the development of a safe therapeutic environment. • They will aid in establishing rapport with clients.