NUR 611 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation process is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell
type by another, often less differentiated, cell type?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another cell type. It is often a response to chronic irritation or inflammation.
2. In the context of reperfusion injury, the production of which molecules leads to significant
membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload?
A. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
B. Lactic acid and hydrogen ions
C. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
,D. Glutathione and Vitamin E
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored to
ischemic tissues, leading to the formation of ROS and free radicals that damage lipids,
proteins, and DNA.
3. A patient with Cystic Fibrosis has a mutation in the CFTR gene. This condition follows which
inheritance pattern?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an
individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene to manifest the disease.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the Syndrome of
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
, D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH leads to excessive water retention, which dilutes the
serum sodium concentration, resulting in dilutional hyponatremia.
5. An arterial blood gas (ABG) showing pH 7.30, PaCO2 35 mmHg, and HCO3 18 mEq/L
indicates which acid-base disturbance?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH (<7.35) and low bicarbonate (<22 mEq/L) with a
normal PaCO2 indicate a primary metabolic acidosis.
6. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever and synthesized by macrophages
in response to PAMPs?
A. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B. Interferon-gamma
C. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
D. Transforming growth factor-beta
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation process is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell
type by another, often less differentiated, cell type?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another cell type. It is often a response to chronic irritation or inflammation.
2. In the context of reperfusion injury, the production of which molecules leads to significant
membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload?
A. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
B. Lactic acid and hydrogen ions
C. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
,D. Glutathione and Vitamin E
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored to
ischemic tissues, leading to the formation of ROS and free radicals that damage lipids,
proteins, and DNA.
3. A patient with Cystic Fibrosis has a mutation in the CFTR gene. This condition follows which
inheritance pattern?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning an
individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene to manifest the disease.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with the Syndrome of
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
, D. Hypernatremia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH leads to excessive water retention, which dilutes the
serum sodium concentration, resulting in dilutional hyponatremia.
5. An arterial blood gas (ABG) showing pH 7.30, PaCO2 35 mmHg, and HCO3 18 mEq/L
indicates which acid-base disturbance?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH (<7.35) and low bicarbonate (<22 mEq/L) with a
normal PaCO2 indicate a primary metabolic acidosis.
6. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever and synthesized by macrophages
in response to PAMPs?
A. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B. Interferon-gamma
C. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
D. Transforming growth factor-beta
