NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Innate immunity is? - (answer)1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - (answer)-2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive immunity - (answer)1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - (answer)-Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies
against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - (answer)Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - (answer)Immunocompetence refers to the individuals
ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - (answer)Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency - (answer)Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
,NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - (answer)Negatively affects both B and T cell
development so there is increased risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - (answer)Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - (answer)Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - (answer)-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - (answer)
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - (answer)Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space, causing
cell to shrink
,NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? - (answer)Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
, NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - (answer)Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Innate immunity is? - (answer)1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - (answer)-2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive immunity - (answer)1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - (answer)-Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies
against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - (answer)Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - (answer)Immunocompetence refers to the individuals
ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - (answer)Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency - (answer)Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
,NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - (answer)Negatively affects both B and T cell
development so there is increased risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - (answer)Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - (answer)Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - (answer)-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - (answer)
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - (answer)Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space, causing
cell to shrink
,NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? - (answer)Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
, NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED!!!! ALREADY GRADED A+
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - (answer)Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
