HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2026/2027
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
,During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the
cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a
pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
Transcription is best defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
, a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral
hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the
blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the
brain cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed
by water, causing the brain cells to swell
Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-destruction. It is also
referred to as
FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2026/2027
COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure
Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies
,During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell
because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the
cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively
What genetic process is likely responsible for the occurrence of asthma in only one of a
pair of identical twins?
a. genomic imprinting
b. epigenetic modifications
c. methylation
d. transgenerational inheritance
Transcription is best defined as a process by which
a. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence
b. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on RNA.
c. RNA directs the synthesis of ribosomes for protein synthesis
d. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
, a. paternal translocation
b. paternal viral illness
c. nondisjunction error
d. maternal viral illness
A person with XXXY has the genetic disorder called __________ syndrome.
a. down
b. fragile x
c. klinefelter
d. turner
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an __________________ gene.
a. x-linked dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. autosomal dominant
d. x-linked recessive
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral
hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the
blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the
brain cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed
by water, causing the brain cells to swell
Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-destruction. It is also
referred to as
