NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
midterm exam Practice questions with
answers/ NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology Week 4 Practice Test
INSTANT DOWNLOAD
Q1: A 55-year-old male with chronic hypertension presents with an
enlarged heart. This increase in cardiac muscle mass is primarily due to
which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Cardiac muscle cells are terminally differentiated and cannot
divide. They respond to increased workload (afterload) from chronic
hypertension by increasing in size (hypertrophy) rather than number
(hyperplasia). This is a physiologic adaptation that can become pathologic if
sustained .
Q2: A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett esophagus, where
normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium. This
process is known as:
,A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
Answer: B) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another, typically in response to chronic irritation. While
initially protective, Barrett esophagus increases the risk for dysplasia and
esophageal adenocarcinoma .
Q3: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?
A) Cellular swelling and membrane rupture
B) Triggers an inflammatory response
C) Involves organized cell shrinkage and fragmentation
D) Results from ATP depletion
Answer: C) Involves organized cell shrinkage and fragmentation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a highly regulated, energy-dependent process of
programmed cell death essential for normal development and tissue
homeostasis. Unlike necrosis, it does NOT cause inflammation .
Q4: Which type of necrosis is most characteristic of a myocardial
infarction?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
,Answer: B) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid
organs such as the heart, kidney, and liver. The cellular architecture is
preserved for several days due to protein denaturation .
Q5: Which type of necrosis is most common in the brain following
ischemia?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Answer: B) Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Brain tissue liquefies due to enzymatic digestion during ischemic
injury, characteristic of liquefactive necrosis. This results in the formation of
cystic spaces filled with fluid and cellular debris .
Q6: Caseous necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Pancreatitis
D) Gangrene
Answer: A) Tuberculosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like appearance) is characteristic of
tuberculosis, representing a combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis with granulomatous inflammation .
, Hypersensitivity Reactions & Immunology
Q7: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by which type
of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: C) Type III hypersensitivity
Rationale: SLE is characterized by Type III hypersensitivity reactions where
immune complexes (antigen-antibody) deposit in tissues, activating
complement and causing inflammation. Type I is allergic (IgE-mediated),
Type II is antibody-mediated (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia), and
Type IV is cell-mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis) .
Q8: Which of the following best describes a Type I hypersensitivity
reaction?
A) Mediated by IgG antibodies causing cell destruction
B) Mediated by IgE antibodies with mast cell degranulation
C) Mediated by immune complex deposition
D) Mediated by T lymphocytes
Answer: B) Mediated by IgE antibodies with mast cell degranulation
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate allergic reactions
mediated by IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells, causing degranulation
and release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators .
midterm exam Practice questions with
answers/ NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology Week 4 Practice Test
INSTANT DOWNLOAD
Q1: A 55-year-old male with chronic hypertension presents with an
enlarged heart. This increase in cardiac muscle mass is primarily due to
which cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Cardiac muscle cells are terminally differentiated and cannot
divide. They respond to increased workload (afterload) from chronic
hypertension by increasing in size (hypertrophy) rather than number
(hyperplasia). This is a physiologic adaptation that can become pathologic if
sustained .
Q2: A patient with chronic GERD develops Barrett esophagus, where
normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium. This
process is known as:
,A) Dysplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia
Answer: B) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another, typically in response to chronic irritation. While
initially protective, Barrett esophagus increases the risk for dysplasia and
esophageal adenocarcinoma .
Q3: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of apoptosis?
A) Cellular swelling and membrane rupture
B) Triggers an inflammatory response
C) Involves organized cell shrinkage and fragmentation
D) Results from ATP depletion
Answer: C) Involves organized cell shrinkage and fragmentation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a highly regulated, energy-dependent process of
programmed cell death essential for normal development and tissue
homeostasis. Unlike necrosis, it does NOT cause inflammation .
Q4: Which type of necrosis is most characteristic of a myocardial
infarction?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
,Answer: B) Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid
organs such as the heart, kidney, and liver. The cellular architecture is
preserved for several days due to protein denaturation .
Q5: Which type of necrosis is most common in the brain following
ischemia?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Answer: B) Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Brain tissue liquefies due to enzymatic digestion during ischemic
injury, characteristic of liquefactive necrosis. This results in the formation of
cystic spaces filled with fluid and cellular debris .
Q6: Caseous necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Pancreatitis
D) Gangrene
Answer: A) Tuberculosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like appearance) is characteristic of
tuberculosis, representing a combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis with granulomatous inflammation .
, Hypersensitivity Reactions & Immunology
Q7: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by which type
of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Type I hypersensitivity
B) Type II hypersensitivity
C) Type III hypersensitivity
D) Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: C) Type III hypersensitivity
Rationale: SLE is characterized by Type III hypersensitivity reactions where
immune complexes (antigen-antibody) deposit in tissues, activating
complement and causing inflammation. Type I is allergic (IgE-mediated),
Type II is antibody-mediated (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia), and
Type IV is cell-mediated (e.g., contact dermatitis) .
Q8: Which of the following best describes a Type I hypersensitivity
reaction?
A) Mediated by IgG antibodies causing cell destruction
B) Mediated by IgE antibodies with mast cell degranulation
C) Mediated by immune complex deposition
D) Mediated by T lymphocytes
Answer: B) Mediated by IgE antibodies with mast cell degranulation
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate allergic reactions
mediated by IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells, causing degranulation
and release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators .
