SAYLOR ACADEMY PHIL102
Exam Study Guide – 140
Practice Questions with
Verified Answers. GRADED A+.
Latest 2026/2027 Update
Literal Meaning - Answer✔✔-Grammatical structure and conventional
meanings of words in a sentence
Conversational Implicature - Answer✔✔-Information inferred but not explicitly
stated in a conversation
Implied Meaning - Answer✔✔-Suggested meaning not directly stated
Reportive Definition - Answer✔✔-Dictionary-like definition reflecting common
word usage
Stipulative Definition - Answer✔✔-Assigns a new meaning to a term
Precising Definition - Answer✔✔-Clarifies a previously vague or fuzzy meaning
,Persuasive Definition - Answer✔✔-Definition aiming to persuade the listener
towards a specific interpretation
evaluation criteria for a reportive definition - Answer✔✔-good: if it accurately
reflects the current usage of a term by being neither too broad nor too narrow.
evaluation criteria for a stipulative definition - Answer✔✔-good if it's not:
a) circular: defines the term in question with the very term itself. Ex: defining
"painkiller" as "that which kills pain" does not provide new information.
b) inconsistent: presents incompatible ideas.
Ex: defining "cat" as "a creature that meows but is silent", is inconsistent
c) obscure: unclear.
Ex: defining "sprint" as "a short race" is unclear, since "short" is vague.
Factual Dispute - Answer✔✔-Disagreement involving facts
Verbal Dispute - Answer✔✔-Misunderstanding due to vague or ambiguous
terms
Sufficient Condition - Answer✔✔-guarantees an event
Antecedent - Answer✔✔-- Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun
- sufficient condition
, ex: "If it is a dog, then it is an animal" >
- Being a dog is sufficient for being an animal.
- We can also say that without "it" being an animal, it can't be a dog.
- So, the claim that being a dog is a sufficient condition, and that being an
animal is a necessary condition.
Necessary Condition - Answer✔✔-Condition essential for the occurrence of
another event
Consequent - Answer✔✔-- Outcome of the hypothetical condition
- necessary condition
ex: "If it is a dog, then it is an animal" >
- Being a dog is sufficient for being an animal.
- We can also say that without "it" being an animal, it can't be a dog.
- So, the claim that being a dog is a sufficient condition, and that being an
animal is a necessary condition.
Obscure sentence - Answer✔✔-sentence that lacks clarity. It can be
ambiguous, vague, or incomplete
ambiguous - Answer✔✔-multiple determinate meanings are possible because
a word in the sentence has multiple determinate meanings
Exam Study Guide – 140
Practice Questions with
Verified Answers. GRADED A+.
Latest 2026/2027 Update
Literal Meaning - Answer✔✔-Grammatical structure and conventional
meanings of words in a sentence
Conversational Implicature - Answer✔✔-Information inferred but not explicitly
stated in a conversation
Implied Meaning - Answer✔✔-Suggested meaning not directly stated
Reportive Definition - Answer✔✔-Dictionary-like definition reflecting common
word usage
Stipulative Definition - Answer✔✔-Assigns a new meaning to a term
Precising Definition - Answer✔✔-Clarifies a previously vague or fuzzy meaning
,Persuasive Definition - Answer✔✔-Definition aiming to persuade the listener
towards a specific interpretation
evaluation criteria for a reportive definition - Answer✔✔-good: if it accurately
reflects the current usage of a term by being neither too broad nor too narrow.
evaluation criteria for a stipulative definition - Answer✔✔-good if it's not:
a) circular: defines the term in question with the very term itself. Ex: defining
"painkiller" as "that which kills pain" does not provide new information.
b) inconsistent: presents incompatible ideas.
Ex: defining "cat" as "a creature that meows but is silent", is inconsistent
c) obscure: unclear.
Ex: defining "sprint" as "a short race" is unclear, since "short" is vague.
Factual Dispute - Answer✔✔-Disagreement involving facts
Verbal Dispute - Answer✔✔-Misunderstanding due to vague or ambiguous
terms
Sufficient Condition - Answer✔✔-guarantees an event
Antecedent - Answer✔✔-- Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun
- sufficient condition
, ex: "If it is a dog, then it is an animal" >
- Being a dog is sufficient for being an animal.
- We can also say that without "it" being an animal, it can't be a dog.
- So, the claim that being a dog is a sufficient condition, and that being an
animal is a necessary condition.
Necessary Condition - Answer✔✔-Condition essential for the occurrence of
another event
Consequent - Answer✔✔-- Outcome of the hypothetical condition
- necessary condition
ex: "If it is a dog, then it is an animal" >
- Being a dog is sufficient for being an animal.
- We can also say that without "it" being an animal, it can't be a dog.
- So, the claim that being a dog is a sufficient condition, and that being an
animal is a necessary condition.
Obscure sentence - Answer✔✔-sentence that lacks clarity. It can be
ambiguous, vague, or incomplete
ambiguous - Answer✔✔-multiple determinate meanings are possible because
a word in the sentence has multiple determinate meanings
