HSCI 130 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
- 2027
What is the first type of health promotion? - ANSWERS-- the
biomedical model
- pathogensis-origins of disease (viruses and bacteria)
- emphasis on personal factors & conciousness raising
What is the alternative health promotion? - ANSWERS-- upstream
approach, to prioritize the social determinants
- salutogenesis-origins of health (building health and resilience)
- emphasis on structural factors
What are personal determinants on an individual level? - ANSWERS-
- lay-health beliefs
- self-health management (coping skills, therapy, self-care)
- biology & genetic endowment
- health protective behaviour (personal health practices, healthy
lifestyles)
What do you do if you want people to take care of their health? -
ANSWERS-TEACH THEM HOW TO
,What are some structural determinants? - ANSWERS-- Social
environment
- Socioeconomic status (socioeconomic position)
- Social status
- Income & employment & working condiitions
- Demographic (race, ethnicity, age, culture)
- Physical environment
- Health-care & social services
What did the health movement begin with? - ANSWERS-Began with
the conditions of workers' health in France. They were employed in
cotton, silk, and linen mills. --> Sanitary conditiions were reformed,
and so are child labour laws.
Other epidemics begun, new public health protocols were created.
What year was the first Public Health Act? - ANSWERS-1848 -->
First Public Health Act in Britain
Fedrich Engels' Study (1844) - ANSWERS-Conditions of working
class in England.
How are people dying, why are they dying, conditions of their
environment?
Damp dwellings, leaky house, bad, tattered clothing, why are they
engaging in these behaviours?
,Rudolf Virchow: Thypus 1848 - ANSWERS-Investigation of typhoid
in Poland, it is an UPSTREAM problem, feudalism, unfair tax
policies, and a lack of democracy.
What is social inequality & inequity? - ANSWERS-Inequality: Stable
differences between individuals and groups of people due to power
and privilege.
Some people have superior access to economic, political, and
ideological power.
Inequity: Unfair and avoidable differences arising from poor
governance, social exclusion, discrimination... etc. Social injustice.
Social gradient & health - ANSWERS-Graded association between
the indicator of socioeconmic status and population health.
Marmot Social Hierachy: where you stand in the social hierarchy is
related to your chances of getting ill and my length of life.
Social class & health socio-economic (SEP), what are some
measures? - ANSWERS-Socio-economic factors influence what
position individuals and groups hold in the social structure of a
society.
Individual level measures: occupation, income, education, wealth
, Area-based measures: geographic area
How does SEP (socio-economic) impact health? - ANSWERS-
Political, cultural, and institutional factors influence HOW
socioeconomic conditions affect health incomes
Think of the Titanic (different classes affected their outcomes after the
incident) Mortality rates.
Income and children's health - ANSWERS-Use data from the National
Longitudinal Study on Children & Youth
Income is associated with:
1. Children's birth rate
2. Injury-related mortality (fire and homicide deaths)
3. Developmental problems (hyperactivity, psychosocial problems,
delinquent behaviour, and delayed vocabulary)
Explanations of the social gradient - ANSWERS-1. Materialist
explanations
2. Cultural behavioral explanations
3. Psychosocial explanations
4. Differential vulnerability hypothesis
3. Social comparison
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
- 2027
What is the first type of health promotion? - ANSWERS-- the
biomedical model
- pathogensis-origins of disease (viruses and bacteria)
- emphasis on personal factors & conciousness raising
What is the alternative health promotion? - ANSWERS-- upstream
approach, to prioritize the social determinants
- salutogenesis-origins of health (building health and resilience)
- emphasis on structural factors
What are personal determinants on an individual level? - ANSWERS-
- lay-health beliefs
- self-health management (coping skills, therapy, self-care)
- biology & genetic endowment
- health protective behaviour (personal health practices, healthy
lifestyles)
What do you do if you want people to take care of their health? -
ANSWERS-TEACH THEM HOW TO
,What are some structural determinants? - ANSWERS-- Social
environment
- Socioeconomic status (socioeconomic position)
- Social status
- Income & employment & working condiitions
- Demographic (race, ethnicity, age, culture)
- Physical environment
- Health-care & social services
What did the health movement begin with? - ANSWERS-Began with
the conditions of workers' health in France. They were employed in
cotton, silk, and linen mills. --> Sanitary conditiions were reformed,
and so are child labour laws.
Other epidemics begun, new public health protocols were created.
What year was the first Public Health Act? - ANSWERS-1848 -->
First Public Health Act in Britain
Fedrich Engels' Study (1844) - ANSWERS-Conditions of working
class in England.
How are people dying, why are they dying, conditions of their
environment?
Damp dwellings, leaky house, bad, tattered clothing, why are they
engaging in these behaviours?
,Rudolf Virchow: Thypus 1848 - ANSWERS-Investigation of typhoid
in Poland, it is an UPSTREAM problem, feudalism, unfair tax
policies, and a lack of democracy.
What is social inequality & inequity? - ANSWERS-Inequality: Stable
differences between individuals and groups of people due to power
and privilege.
Some people have superior access to economic, political, and
ideological power.
Inequity: Unfair and avoidable differences arising from poor
governance, social exclusion, discrimination... etc. Social injustice.
Social gradient & health - ANSWERS-Graded association between
the indicator of socioeconmic status and population health.
Marmot Social Hierachy: where you stand in the social hierarchy is
related to your chances of getting ill and my length of life.
Social class & health socio-economic (SEP), what are some
measures? - ANSWERS-Socio-economic factors influence what
position individuals and groups hold in the social structure of a
society.
Individual level measures: occupation, income, education, wealth
, Area-based measures: geographic area
How does SEP (socio-economic) impact health? - ANSWERS-
Political, cultural, and institutional factors influence HOW
socioeconomic conditions affect health incomes
Think of the Titanic (different classes affected their outcomes after the
incident) Mortality rates.
Income and children's health - ANSWERS-Use data from the National
Longitudinal Study on Children & Youth
Income is associated with:
1. Children's birth rate
2. Injury-related mortality (fire and homicide deaths)
3. Developmental problems (hyperactivity, psychosocial problems,
delinquent behaviour, and delayed vocabulary)
Explanations of the social gradient - ANSWERS-1. Materialist
explanations
2. Cultural behavioral explanations
3. Psychosocial explanations
4. Differential vulnerability hypothesis
3. Social comparison
