CMSRN MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
REVIEW 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS TESTED QUESTIONS.
■ treatment of hypernatremia. Answer: decrease sodium, replace fluids
■ which electrolyte does sodium work with? Answer: chloride - works
to maintain acid/base balance
■ which labs are most important to watch with potassium abnormalities?
Answer: renal
■ what does potassium have an inverse relationship with? Answer: PH,
insulin, calcium
■ causes of hyperkalemia. Answer: cell wall destruction, increased
intake, potassium sparing diuretics, renal failure, acidosis
■ symptoms of hyperkalemia. Answer: irritable muscles, cardiac
arrhythmias, hyperactive bowels, bladder
,■ treatment of hyperkalemia. Answer: limit intake, kaexylate, calcium
gluconate, IV glucose and insulin, dialysis
■ what electrolyte imbalance should you avoid green leafy vegetables
and citrus fruits? Answer: hyperkalemia
■ what electrolyte are avocado, dried fruits, and potato skins high in?
Answer: potassium
■ causes of hypokalemia. Answer: vomiting, diarrhea, DKA, prolonged
NG suction, burns, potassium wasting diuretics
■ symptoms of hypokalemia. Answer: muscle flaccidity and weakness,
constipation, alkalosis, shallow respirations, cardiac arrest
■ treatment for hypokalemia. Answer: potassium supplements, monitor
magnesium levels
■ normal calcium level. Answer: 9-10.5
■ where is calcium stored? Answer: bones
■ what vitamin is important for calcium absorption. Answer: Vitamin D
,■ what does calcium have an inverse relationship with? Answer:
phosphorous
■ which electrolyte imbalance increases bleeding risk? Answer:
hypocalcemia
■ causes for hypercalcemia. Answer: cancer, bone mets,
hyperparathyroidism, excessive vitamin D, thiazide diuretics,
parathyroid tumor
■ symptoms of hypercalcemia. Answer: sedation, lethargy, hypoactive
reflexes, slurred speech, impaired memory (decreased LOC/CNS
sympstoms), renal stones
■ treatment for hypercalcemia. Answer: decrease intake, encourage
fluids, loop diuretics, phosphate administration
■ causes of hypocalcemia. Answer: decreased intake, decreased vitamin
D, increased phosphate levels, renal disease, pacreatitis, alcoholism,
pregnancy
■ symptoms of hypocalcemia. Answer: chvosteks, trousseaus,
laryngospasm, tingling in fingers/toes/lips, coagulopathy
, ■ treatment of hypocalcemia. Answer: increased intake, vitamin D, IV
calcium gluconate, phosphate binding antacids
■ sign of hypocalcemia that causes twitching of face if you tap the front
of the ear? Answer: chvosteks sign
■ sign of hypocalcemia that causes carpal tunnel/turning in of hands?
Answer: trousseaus sign
■ normal level of phosphate. Answer: 3-4.5
■ symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance are opposite of calcium since
it has an inverse relationship. Answer: phosphate
■ Normal level of magnesium. Answer: 1.3-2.1
■ Normal level of sodium. Answer: 135-145
■ normal level of potassium. Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
■ symptoms of hypermagnesemia. Answer: poor renal excretion,
muscular depression
REVIEW 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS TESTED QUESTIONS.
■ treatment of hypernatremia. Answer: decrease sodium, replace fluids
■ which electrolyte does sodium work with? Answer: chloride - works
to maintain acid/base balance
■ which labs are most important to watch with potassium abnormalities?
Answer: renal
■ what does potassium have an inverse relationship with? Answer: PH,
insulin, calcium
■ causes of hyperkalemia. Answer: cell wall destruction, increased
intake, potassium sparing diuretics, renal failure, acidosis
■ symptoms of hyperkalemia. Answer: irritable muscles, cardiac
arrhythmias, hyperactive bowels, bladder
,■ treatment of hyperkalemia. Answer: limit intake, kaexylate, calcium
gluconate, IV glucose and insulin, dialysis
■ what electrolyte imbalance should you avoid green leafy vegetables
and citrus fruits? Answer: hyperkalemia
■ what electrolyte are avocado, dried fruits, and potato skins high in?
Answer: potassium
■ causes of hypokalemia. Answer: vomiting, diarrhea, DKA, prolonged
NG suction, burns, potassium wasting diuretics
■ symptoms of hypokalemia. Answer: muscle flaccidity and weakness,
constipation, alkalosis, shallow respirations, cardiac arrest
■ treatment for hypokalemia. Answer: potassium supplements, monitor
magnesium levels
■ normal calcium level. Answer: 9-10.5
■ where is calcium stored? Answer: bones
■ what vitamin is important for calcium absorption. Answer: Vitamin D
,■ what does calcium have an inverse relationship with? Answer:
phosphorous
■ which electrolyte imbalance increases bleeding risk? Answer:
hypocalcemia
■ causes for hypercalcemia. Answer: cancer, bone mets,
hyperparathyroidism, excessive vitamin D, thiazide diuretics,
parathyroid tumor
■ symptoms of hypercalcemia. Answer: sedation, lethargy, hypoactive
reflexes, slurred speech, impaired memory (decreased LOC/CNS
sympstoms), renal stones
■ treatment for hypercalcemia. Answer: decrease intake, encourage
fluids, loop diuretics, phosphate administration
■ causes of hypocalcemia. Answer: decreased intake, decreased vitamin
D, increased phosphate levels, renal disease, pacreatitis, alcoholism,
pregnancy
■ symptoms of hypocalcemia. Answer: chvosteks, trousseaus,
laryngospasm, tingling in fingers/toes/lips, coagulopathy
, ■ treatment of hypocalcemia. Answer: increased intake, vitamin D, IV
calcium gluconate, phosphate binding antacids
■ sign of hypocalcemia that causes twitching of face if you tap the front
of the ear? Answer: chvosteks sign
■ sign of hypocalcemia that causes carpal tunnel/turning in of hands?
Answer: trousseaus sign
■ normal level of phosphate. Answer: 3-4.5
■ symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance are opposite of calcium since
it has an inverse relationship. Answer: phosphate
■ Normal level of magnesium. Answer: 1.3-2.1
■ Normal level of sodium. Answer: 135-145
■ normal level of potassium. Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
■ symptoms of hypermagnesemia. Answer: poor renal excretion,
muscular depression
