CMSRN FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
◍ Gastroenteritis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans: Causes:
Norovirus, bacteria, foreign bodies
Symptoms: N/V/D, tachycardia, weight loss.
Diagnosis: Symptomatic
Treatment: Fluid replacement, antibiotics, antidiarrheals (for fluid loss)
◍ Crohn's Disease (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans:
Causes: IBD in small intestine, varies severity.
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stool, low
appetite, weight loss.
Diagnosis: CBC (rule out infection, check anemia), fecal blood test,
colonoscopy (check damage, find granulomas, inflammatory cells that
trigger symptoms)
Treatment: anti-inflammatories, corticosteroids, oral 5-aminosalicylates.
No cure.
◍ Ulcerative Colitis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans:
Causes: Inflammation, ulcers, sores in GI tract, large intestine, rectum.
Symptoms: Diarrhea, with blood or pus, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding,
urgency to defacate
,Diagnosis: proctosigmoiditis causes inflamed rectum and sigmoid colon
with bloody diarrhea, left-sided colitis from sigmoid and descending
colon, and pancolitis in entire colon. Colonoscopy to confirm.
Treatment: antibiotics, corticosteroids (reduce recurring flare-ups). No
cure.
◍ Cholecystitis (Cause/Risks/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans:
Causes: inflammation of gallbladder from cystic duct blockage by
gallstones.
Risks: elderly, women, overweight, weight loss.
Symptoms: RUQ pain, N/V, jaundice, fever, tender gallbladder,
gangrene if untreated.
Diagnosis: LFT, RUQ ultrasound (best for women to rule out
pregnancy).
Treatment: antibiotics, cholecystectomy, treat asap.
◍ Gastritis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans: Causes:
inflammation stomach lining, corticosteroid or NSAID use, excessive
alcohol use.
Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea/vomitting.
Diagnosis: symptomatic.
Treatment: antibiotics, antacids, antidiarrheals if needed.
◍ Appendicitis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans: Causes:
, Symptoms:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
◍ Spinal Cord Injury (Identifying). Ans: Clincal: Assessing patient
movements/sensation/pain
Xray: examine spine for fracture/degen changes, tumors
CT: check intervertebral discs for damage
MRI: identify herniated discs, blood clots, growths.
◍ Spinal Cord Injury (Segments/Severity). Ans: Cervical: C1-C8
(Tetraplegia)
Thoracic: T1-T12 (Paraplegia)
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1
◍ Spinal Cord Injury Shock Syndromes. Ans: Hemorrhagic shock:
under T6 nerve, can cause hypotension
Spinal shock: patient loses sensory motor functions
Neurogenic shock: bradycardia, hypotension, vasodilation. Over T5
nerve, may need Prednisone.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
◍ Gastroenteritis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans: Causes:
Norovirus, bacteria, foreign bodies
Symptoms: N/V/D, tachycardia, weight loss.
Diagnosis: Symptomatic
Treatment: Fluid replacement, antibiotics, antidiarrheals (for fluid loss)
◍ Crohn's Disease (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans:
Causes: IBD in small intestine, varies severity.
Symptoms: Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stool, low
appetite, weight loss.
Diagnosis: CBC (rule out infection, check anemia), fecal blood test,
colonoscopy (check damage, find granulomas, inflammatory cells that
trigger symptoms)
Treatment: anti-inflammatories, corticosteroids, oral 5-aminosalicylates.
No cure.
◍ Ulcerative Colitis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans:
Causes: Inflammation, ulcers, sores in GI tract, large intestine, rectum.
Symptoms: Diarrhea, with blood or pus, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding,
urgency to defacate
,Diagnosis: proctosigmoiditis causes inflamed rectum and sigmoid colon
with bloody diarrhea, left-sided colitis from sigmoid and descending
colon, and pancolitis in entire colon. Colonoscopy to confirm.
Treatment: antibiotics, corticosteroids (reduce recurring flare-ups). No
cure.
◍ Cholecystitis (Cause/Risks/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans:
Causes: inflammation of gallbladder from cystic duct blockage by
gallstones.
Risks: elderly, women, overweight, weight loss.
Symptoms: RUQ pain, N/V, jaundice, fever, tender gallbladder,
gangrene if untreated.
Diagnosis: LFT, RUQ ultrasound (best for women to rule out
pregnancy).
Treatment: antibiotics, cholecystectomy, treat asap.
◍ Gastritis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans: Causes:
inflammation stomach lining, corticosteroid or NSAID use, excessive
alcohol use.
Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea/vomitting.
Diagnosis: symptomatic.
Treatment: antibiotics, antacids, antidiarrheals if needed.
◍ Appendicitis (Cause/Symptoms/Diagnosis/Treatment). Ans: Causes:
, Symptoms:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
◍ Spinal Cord Injury (Identifying). Ans: Clincal: Assessing patient
movements/sensation/pain
Xray: examine spine for fracture/degen changes, tumors
CT: check intervertebral discs for damage
MRI: identify herniated discs, blood clots, growths.
◍ Spinal Cord Injury (Segments/Severity). Ans: Cervical: C1-C8
(Tetraplegia)
Thoracic: T1-T12 (Paraplegia)
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1
◍ Spinal Cord Injury Shock Syndromes. Ans: Hemorrhagic shock:
under T6 nerve, can cause hypotension
Spinal shock: patient loses sensory motor functions
Neurogenic shock: bradycardia, hypotension, vasodilation. Over T5
nerve, may need Prednisone.
