NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
2026 UTA Exam 1 Already Verified Test |
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What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER-Heart disease,
Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER-Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER-1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
,4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ANSWER-Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - ANSWER-Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Hyperpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-HYPO polarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Increased permeability
to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - ANSWER-Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient
, supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are
alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - ANSWER-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER-physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when
a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - ANSWER-1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like
uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and
the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
2026 UTA Exam 1 Already Verified Test |
Questions Merged With Correct
Complete Solutions || Already Graded A+
|| 2026-2027 Latest Update!!!
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - ANSWER-Heart disease,
Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER-Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER-1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
,4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - ANSWER-Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - ANSWER-Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Hyperpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER-HYPO polarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Increased permeability
to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER-Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - ANSWER-Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient
, supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are
alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - ANSWER-Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy - ANSWER-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER-physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when
a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - ANSWER-1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like
uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and
the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
