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, Level of significance The risk of making a type I error in statistical analysis, established by the
researcher beforehand
Reflexivity In qualitative studies, critical self-reflection about one's own biases, preferences,
and preconceptions
Triangulation The use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon,
so as to converge on an accurate representation of reality
Bias Any influence that distorts the results of a study and undermines validity
Methods section Includes four subsections: design, participants, procedures, and data analysis
Anonymity Protection of participants' confidentiality such that even the research can't link
individuals with the data they provided
Stipend A monetary payment to individuals participating in a study to sever as an incentive
for participation and/or to compensate for time and expenses
Informed consent An ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain people's voluntary
participation in a study, after informing them of possible risks and benefits
Risk-benefit The relative costs and benefits, to an individual subject and to society at large, of
participation in a study
IRB (Institutional Review Board) In the US, a group of people affiliated with an institution who convene to review
proposed and ongoing studies with respect to ethical considerations
Beneficence An ethical principle that seeks to maximize benefits for study participants and
prevent harm
Statement of purpose A declarative statement of the overall goals of the study