BI 122 EXAM 4 – GRCC FORBES EXAM MOST RECENT 2026 WITH
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+
Components of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary Bladder
4. Urethra
Functions of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Remove substances from blood, e.g.,
Nitrogen & Sulfur products
2. Regulate various metabolic processes, e.g., blood formation
3. Form urine
4. Regulate blood pressure
5. Maintain blood pH
Function of the Kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER-Regulate:
1. volume, composition, and pH of body fluids (via urine formation)
2. RBC formation (via erythropoietin)
3. Blood pressure
4. Absorption of Ca by activating vitamin D
5. Elimination of Nitrogen & Sulfur compounds, e.g., urea, uric acid
6. Formation and concentration of urine
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-Functional unit of the kidney.
What are the components of a nephron? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Renal Corpuscle
2. Renal Tubules
,Renal Corpuscle - CORRECT ANSWER-Made up of:
1. Glomerulus
2. Glomerular Capsule
Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER-Tangle of blood arterioles
Glomerular Capsule - CORRECT ANSWER-Goes around the glomerulus
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomerulus
resulting from infection, malaria, diabetes, toxins, etc.
Glomeruli become plugged with antigen/anti-body complexes followed by WBC accumulation
resulting in renal failure.
Renal Tube Flow - CORRECT ANSWER-Glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron
loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
Steps of Urine Formation - CORRECT ANSWER-1. (Glomerular) Filtration
2. (Tubular) Reabsorption
2. (Tubular) Secretion
Step 1: (Glomerular) Filtration - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of substances from glomerulus into
the glomerular capsule via pressure (filtration) and concentration gradient (diffusion).
Proteins and other large molecules do not pass, resulting in an increased colloid osmotic pressure
pulling fluid back into glomerulus.
Diameter of afferent arterioles > efferent, resulting in an increased pressure in afferent forces filtrate
through glomerulus.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
, What can lead to acute renal failure? - CORRECT ANSWER-If blood pressure drops, e.g., shock,
afferent arteriole pressure decreases, which results in the filtration rate decreasing, which leads to
acute renal failure.
Step 2: (Tubular) Reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of substances from the tubular
filtrate →interstitial fluid → peritubular capillary via passive or active transport.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What is Glucosuria and how does it occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose requires actie transport. If
glucose molecules excess capacity of active transport, glucose appears in urine, resulting in glucosuria
or otherwise known as diabetes mellitus.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What causes osmotic diuresis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucosuria causes water to be drawn into the
renal tubules, increasing urine volume, which is osmotic diuresis.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Nephrotic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Nephrotic syndrom occurs when disease increases
glomerular membranes permeability and allows proteins to pass into tubules, causing urine
(proteinuria). Results in systemic edema.
Step 3: (Tubular) Secretion - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of substances from the peritubular
capillary → interstitial fluid → renal tubule, e.g., H+, K+, ammonia.
Urine Formation Equation - CORRECT ANSWER-Urine Volume = filtration volume - reabsorption
volume + secretion volume
OR
Urine Volume = filtration volume + secretion volume - reabsorption volume
Urine Composition - CORRECT ANSWER-1. H20 - 95%
2. Urea - From amino acid catabolism
3. Uric Acid - From nucleic acid catabolism
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+
Components of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary Bladder
4. Urethra
Functions of the Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Remove substances from blood, e.g.,
Nitrogen & Sulfur products
2. Regulate various metabolic processes, e.g., blood formation
3. Form urine
4. Regulate blood pressure
5. Maintain blood pH
Function of the Kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER-Regulate:
1. volume, composition, and pH of body fluids (via urine formation)
2. RBC formation (via erythropoietin)
3. Blood pressure
4. Absorption of Ca by activating vitamin D
5. Elimination of Nitrogen & Sulfur compounds, e.g., urea, uric acid
6. Formation and concentration of urine
Nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-Functional unit of the kidney.
What are the components of a nephron? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Renal Corpuscle
2. Renal Tubules
,Renal Corpuscle - CORRECT ANSWER-Made up of:
1. Glomerulus
2. Glomerular Capsule
Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER-Tangle of blood arterioles
Glomerular Capsule - CORRECT ANSWER-Goes around the glomerulus
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomerulus
resulting from infection, malaria, diabetes, toxins, etc.
Glomeruli become plugged with antigen/anti-body complexes followed by WBC accumulation
resulting in renal failure.
Renal Tube Flow - CORRECT ANSWER-Glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → nephron
loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
Steps of Urine Formation - CORRECT ANSWER-1. (Glomerular) Filtration
2. (Tubular) Reabsorption
2. (Tubular) Secretion
Step 1: (Glomerular) Filtration - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of substances from glomerulus into
the glomerular capsule via pressure (filtration) and concentration gradient (diffusion).
Proteins and other large molecules do not pass, resulting in an increased colloid osmotic pressure
pulling fluid back into glomerulus.
Diameter of afferent arterioles > efferent, resulting in an increased pressure in afferent forces filtrate
through glomerulus.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
, What can lead to acute renal failure? - CORRECT ANSWER-If blood pressure drops, e.g., shock,
afferent arteriole pressure decreases, which results in the filtration rate decreasing, which leads to
acute renal failure.
Step 2: (Tubular) Reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of substances from the tubular
filtrate →interstitial fluid → peritubular capillary via passive or active transport.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What is Glucosuria and how does it occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose requires actie transport. If
glucose molecules excess capacity of active transport, glucose appears in urine, resulting in glucosuria
or otherwise known as diabetes mellitus.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
What causes osmotic diuresis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucosuria causes water to be drawn into the
renal tubules, increasing urine volume, which is osmotic diuresis.
PATHOLOGY NOTE:
Nephrotic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Nephrotic syndrom occurs when disease increases
glomerular membranes permeability and allows proteins to pass into tubules, causing urine
(proteinuria). Results in systemic edema.
Step 3: (Tubular) Secretion - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of substances from the peritubular
capillary → interstitial fluid → renal tubule, e.g., H+, K+, ammonia.
Urine Formation Equation - CORRECT ANSWER-Urine Volume = filtration volume - reabsorption
volume + secretion volume
OR
Urine Volume = filtration volume + secretion volume - reabsorption volume
Urine Composition - CORRECT ANSWER-1. H20 - 95%
2. Urea - From amino acid catabolism
3. Uric Acid - From nucleic acid catabolism
