CNUR 810 WEEK 10 2026/2027 – NURSING STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
MODULE REVIEW & TEST PREP
Chronic Illness - correct answer ✔✔the irreversible presence, accumulation or latency of disease state(s)
or impairment(s), that has lasted more than six months, that involves the total human environment for
supportive care and self-care, maintenance of function, and prevention of further disability (Curtin &
Lufkin, 1995)
Universal hope - correct answer ✔✔is a general belief in the future, a defence against despair, and a
safeguard for the human being by illuminating life itself.
Specific hope - correct answer ✔✔is connected to a specific time and object; for example, a person
might hope for something such as a treatment to be successful in curing a disease
Hope is - correct answer ✔✔both universal and specific
Coping - correct answer ✔✔Refers to the cognitive and behavioural efforts that an individual uses to
manage specifically external and/or internal demands in a stressful situation
Stigma - correct answer ✔✔a socially constructed "mark or shame or discredit" (Webster, 2000)
The concept of stigma - correct answer ✔✔-Goffman stated that the Greeks "originated the term stigma
to refer to bodily signs designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of the
signifier"
-"an attribute that makes [the person] different from others in the category of persons available for him
to be, and of a less desirable kind... He is thus reduced in our minds from a whole and usual person to a
tainted and discounted one."
Stigma and Chronic Illnesses - correct answer ✔✔-an important factor that has been identified in a
number of chronic illnesses or disabilities
-occurs as a result of a spoiled social identity, when an individual does not meet the expectations of a
particular social group due to unacceptable attributes.
-Key components include discrimination and embarrassment regarding impairments, perceptions of
attitudes of others by persons experiencing illness and treatment-related stigma and the internalization
of these attitudes by patients.
Throughout one's life course people develop what Goffman (1963) has called "a social identity". - correct
answer ✔✔This is where society defines the qualities expected by and of its members: personal
attributes, accomplishments and health.
Impact of Chronic Illness on Cultural - correct answer ✔✔-The beliefs and values of a culture may impact
an individual's conceptualizations of illness, disease, treatment and healthcare systems.
-As a result, ultimately the experience of a chronic illness may be affected or influenced by one's culture
(Leininger, 2002
, Impact of Chronic Illness on Gender - correct answer ✔✔-There is a higher prevalence of chronic
illnesses in females versus males. Women are more likely to report multiple chronic conditions.
Also older adults, mostly female, reported chronic illnesses
Impact of Chronic Illness on Age - correct answer ✔✔-Influences the experience and coping strategies
utilized by the individual.
Likewise, a chronic illness can impact on the growth and development of an individual.
-Kernberg (1987; 1999; 1999) acknowledges that as individuals go through different developmental
stages (birth to age 17) they develop from having and using primitive to mature coping strategies.
Impact of Chronic illness on Children - correct answer ✔✔- Children in childhood have varied levels of
time awareness and as a result, often are living for the present; There remains the issue of separation
-Social isolation that can occur with a chronic illness can impact on development of age-appropriate
social skills
-Children during childhood can have issues of mobility and body image issues
-Preschoolers often will blame themselves for an illness and thus see their pain as justified punishment
-Older preschoolers do not blame themselves
-parents' perceptions and their coping abilities directly impacts a child's perceptions and abilities to cope
with an illness
Impact of Chronic Illness on Adolescents - correct answer ✔✔-Adolescents crave peer acceptance and
this can impact on the effects of a chronic illness on body image and with peer acceptance.
-Adolescents crave peer acceptance and this can impact on the effects of a chronic illness on body image
and with peer acceptance.
-Social isolation can impact on the development of age-appropriate social skills of an adolescent
-issues associated with a chronic illness including: their mobility, anxiety, identity, acceptance,
socialization, and sexuality.
Impact of Chronic illness on Adults - correct answer ✔✔-increased stresses and as a result utilize mature
coping strategies.
-They develop fears associated with losses and limitations that may arise in their future
Impact of Chronic illness on Parents - correct answer ✔✔-may increase the levels of stress that parents
may experience within their parenting experiences.
-They often experience a "normalization" experience in which they redefine what is "normal" within the
family unit
-They often grieve for their losses as parents;
-They often experience chronic sorrow
Impact of Chronic Illness on Siblings - correct answer ✔✔- The effects of an illness include: the need for
treatments, costly medications and supplies, numerous doctor's visits and limitations in activities which
may affect and limit the socialization of the siblings.
-The time that the "unaffected" siblings have with parents may be decreased or limited, due to the
parent's time requirements that may shift while attending to the needs of the child with the illness.
-Siblings may develop feelings of resentment and jealousy for the affected sibling with the chronic illness
due to the attention that the parents and others are directing towards the child.
-Siblings may experience feelings of embarrassment and/or secondary stigmatization as a result of the
negative characteristics and social identify associated with a chronic illness
MODULE REVIEW & TEST PREP
Chronic Illness - correct answer ✔✔the irreversible presence, accumulation or latency of disease state(s)
or impairment(s), that has lasted more than six months, that involves the total human environment for
supportive care and self-care, maintenance of function, and prevention of further disability (Curtin &
Lufkin, 1995)
Universal hope - correct answer ✔✔is a general belief in the future, a defence against despair, and a
safeguard for the human being by illuminating life itself.
Specific hope - correct answer ✔✔is connected to a specific time and object; for example, a person
might hope for something such as a treatment to be successful in curing a disease
Hope is - correct answer ✔✔both universal and specific
Coping - correct answer ✔✔Refers to the cognitive and behavioural efforts that an individual uses to
manage specifically external and/or internal demands in a stressful situation
Stigma - correct answer ✔✔a socially constructed "mark or shame or discredit" (Webster, 2000)
The concept of stigma - correct answer ✔✔-Goffman stated that the Greeks "originated the term stigma
to refer to bodily signs designed to expose something unusual and bad about the moral status of the
signifier"
-"an attribute that makes [the person] different from others in the category of persons available for him
to be, and of a less desirable kind... He is thus reduced in our minds from a whole and usual person to a
tainted and discounted one."
Stigma and Chronic Illnesses - correct answer ✔✔-an important factor that has been identified in a
number of chronic illnesses or disabilities
-occurs as a result of a spoiled social identity, when an individual does not meet the expectations of a
particular social group due to unacceptable attributes.
-Key components include discrimination and embarrassment regarding impairments, perceptions of
attitudes of others by persons experiencing illness and treatment-related stigma and the internalization
of these attitudes by patients.
Throughout one's life course people develop what Goffman (1963) has called "a social identity". - correct
answer ✔✔This is where society defines the qualities expected by and of its members: personal
attributes, accomplishments and health.
Impact of Chronic Illness on Cultural - correct answer ✔✔-The beliefs and values of a culture may impact
an individual's conceptualizations of illness, disease, treatment and healthcare systems.
-As a result, ultimately the experience of a chronic illness may be affected or influenced by one's culture
(Leininger, 2002
, Impact of Chronic Illness on Gender - correct answer ✔✔-There is a higher prevalence of chronic
illnesses in females versus males. Women are more likely to report multiple chronic conditions.
Also older adults, mostly female, reported chronic illnesses
Impact of Chronic Illness on Age - correct answer ✔✔-Influences the experience and coping strategies
utilized by the individual.
Likewise, a chronic illness can impact on the growth and development of an individual.
-Kernberg (1987; 1999; 1999) acknowledges that as individuals go through different developmental
stages (birth to age 17) they develop from having and using primitive to mature coping strategies.
Impact of Chronic illness on Children - correct answer ✔✔- Children in childhood have varied levels of
time awareness and as a result, often are living for the present; There remains the issue of separation
-Social isolation that can occur with a chronic illness can impact on development of age-appropriate
social skills
-Children during childhood can have issues of mobility and body image issues
-Preschoolers often will blame themselves for an illness and thus see their pain as justified punishment
-Older preschoolers do not blame themselves
-parents' perceptions and their coping abilities directly impacts a child's perceptions and abilities to cope
with an illness
Impact of Chronic Illness on Adolescents - correct answer ✔✔-Adolescents crave peer acceptance and
this can impact on the effects of a chronic illness on body image and with peer acceptance.
-Adolescents crave peer acceptance and this can impact on the effects of a chronic illness on body image
and with peer acceptance.
-Social isolation can impact on the development of age-appropriate social skills of an adolescent
-issues associated with a chronic illness including: their mobility, anxiety, identity, acceptance,
socialization, and sexuality.
Impact of Chronic illness on Adults - correct answer ✔✔-increased stresses and as a result utilize mature
coping strategies.
-They develop fears associated with losses and limitations that may arise in their future
Impact of Chronic illness on Parents - correct answer ✔✔-may increase the levels of stress that parents
may experience within their parenting experiences.
-They often experience a "normalization" experience in which they redefine what is "normal" within the
family unit
-They often grieve for their losses as parents;
-They often experience chronic sorrow
Impact of Chronic Illness on Siblings - correct answer ✔✔- The effects of an illness include: the need for
treatments, costly medications and supplies, numerous doctor's visits and limitations in activities which
may affect and limit the socialization of the siblings.
-The time that the "unaffected" siblings have with parents may be decreased or limited, due to the
parent's time requirements that may shift while attending to the needs of the child with the illness.
-Siblings may develop feelings of resentment and jealousy for the affected sibling with the chronic illness
due to the attention that the parents and others are directing towards the child.
-Siblings may experience feelings of embarrassment and/or secondary stigmatization as a result of the
negative characteristics and social identify associated with a chronic illness
