BIOS 256 UPDATED ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
●● What are female gametes?
Answer: Secondary oocytes
●● Embryonic period?
Answer: From fertilization through the eighth week of development
●● Fetal period?
Answer: Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth
●● Describe the first trimester?
Answer: The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks. This period
is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system
development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
●● Describe the second trimester?
Answer: 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop human like
features
●● Describe the third trimester?
,Answer: 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus doubles in
weight.
●● Cleavage of zygote
Answer: Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
●● What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus?
Answer: Increased blood osmolarity(more solutes)
Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Dry mouth
●● What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys?
Answer: Stimulates the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II
formation, leading to increased thirst, increased water intake, and
increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure
, ●● What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine?
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
●● ADH function
Answer: ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins
in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to
water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood
osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure
●● What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and
urine regulation?
Answer: Aldosterone and ANP
●● When is RAAS activated?
Answer: Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this
causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system.
This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT
and collecting ducts
●● Functions of ANP
Answer: ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased stretch
of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+
into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a
loss of water, and a decrease in blood volume.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
●● What are female gametes?
Answer: Secondary oocytes
●● Embryonic period?
Answer: From fertilization through the eighth week of development
●● Fetal period?
Answer: Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth
●● Describe the first trimester?
Answer: The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks. This period
is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system
development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens.
●● Describe the second trimester?
Answer: 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop human like
features
●● Describe the third trimester?
,Answer: 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus doubles in
weight.
●● Cleavage of zygote
Answer: Mitotic division after fertilization
Day 1: two-cell stage
Day 2: four-cell stage
Day 3: eight-cell stage
Day 4: morula
Day 5: blastocyst
Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall
FIGURE 29.5
●● What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus?
Answer: Increased blood osmolarity(more solutes)
Decreased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure
Dry mouth
●● What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys?
Answer: Stimulates the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II
formation, leading to increased thirst, increased water intake, and
increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure
, ●● What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine?
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
●● ADH function
Answer: ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins
in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to
water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood
osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure
●● What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and
urine regulation?
Answer: Aldosterone and ANP
●● When is RAAS activated?
Answer: Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this
causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system.
This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT
and collecting ducts
●● Functions of ANP
Answer: ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased stretch
of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+
into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a
loss of water, and a decrease in blood volume.
