WKU NURS 337-001 EXAM 1 2026/2027 – CHAPTERS 1, 2, 4 & 5 STUDY
GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS & TEST PREP
what are some of the historical perspectives of health before the 1940s - ANS ✔✔- health=absence of
disease
- infectious diseases prominent
- physician: independent primary practitioner
- government: start public health/welfare
what are some of the historical perspectives of health from the 1940s-1950s - ANS ✔✔- health=ability to
fulfill roles
- physicals for fitness
- physicians linked to hospital services
- increased federal role: hospital expansion, federal programs
what are some of the historical perspectives of health from the 1960s to the present - ANS ✔✔-
health=adaptation and reaction to environment
- disease prevention/health promotion
- emphasis on individual responsibility/lifestyle choices
- advance practice nurses became health providers
- government: control costs
- quality of life seen as component of health: person/family perception important (functional health)
- person centered care: holistic care with patient input
what is functional health/health related quality of life - ANS ✔✔self-rated health and function related to
quality of life
people involved in health promotion must - ANS ✔✔consider the meaning of health for themselves and
for others
recognizing the differences in the meaning of health can - ANS ✔✔clarify outcomes and expectations in
health promotion and enhance the quality of health care
the word health is used to describe different things including - ANS ✔✔- health philosophy of care
- health system
- health practices
- health behaviors
- health costs
- health insurance
people's use of the term "health" and its incorporation into these various entities have also - ANS
✔✔changed over time
what model and its objectives of health does the Healthy People 2030 based its objectives on - ANS
✔✔social ecological model of health (SEMOH) and social determinants
,social ecological model of health is a - ANS ✔✔comprehensive developmental approach and is useful for
promoting health at individual, family, community, and social levels
social ecological model of health emphasizes the interconnection between - ANS ✔✔people and
physical/social environments
in the SEMOH model, there is an emphasis placed on - ANS ✔✔quality of life where quality is subjective
as well as objective
the SEMOH model promotes health on multiple science based levels including - ANS ✔✔-
individual/family
- community/society
what is an important determinant of health - ANS ✔✔resiliency
what is resiliency - ANS ✔✔one's ability to deal with stress and trauma
what were the 4 goals from Healthy People 2020 that are now the building blocks for the goals of
Healthy People 2030 - ANS ✔✔1. attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability,
injury, and premature death
2. achieve health equality, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
research in a variety of areas has clearly indicated that health disparities are directly and indirectly linked
to - ANS ✔✔longevity and quality of life issues
what is so important/significant about the Healthy People 2030 goals - ANS ✔✔- will be the first time a
goal to engage leadership, constituents and the public has been identified
- these parties/sectors had not been previously consulted in formulating policies to foster health and
well being
what is the clinical model of health - ANS ✔✔- health is viewed as the absence of s/s of disease;
prevention is not emphasized
- people who use this model may not seek preventive health services or they may wait until they are very
ill to seek care (not a lot of motivation for personal health responsibilities)
the clinical model is the conventional model of - ANS ✔✔the discipline of medicine
what is an example of the clinical model - ANS ✔✔women waits to get a routine mammogram because
she is not experiencing any s/s, but because she waited and never got any accurate screening done she
became very ill one day, rushed to the hospital, and diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer (could have
been prevented if preventive measures were taken)
what is the role performance model of health - ANS ✔✔- health based on whether person can perform
societal roles
- role performance includes work, family, and social roles with performance based on societal
expectations
, what are the basis for the role performance model of health - ANS ✔✔- occupational health evaluations
- school physicals
- medically excused absences
what is illness according to the role performance model of health - ANS ✔✔failure to perform roles at
the level of others in society
what is a vital component of the role performance model - ANS ✔✔the idea of the "sick role"
what is the idea of the "sick role" - ANS ✔✔- excuses people from performing their social functions
- still relevant in health care today
what is the adaptive model of health - ANS ✔✔- health is measured as people's ability to adjust/adapt
positively to social, mental, and psychologic change
- illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these changes
- the aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the person to adapt
- the goal is to be able to maintain their personal and social stuff adequately and still enjoy life
what is the eudaimonistic model of health - ANS ✔✔- embodies holistic view of interactions and
interrelationships with physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment
- health is seen as exuberent well being
- the healthy person is self actualized and fulfilled
what are the basis for the eudaimonistic model of health - ANS ✔✔- emphasis on interaction and
interrelationships in multiple aspects of life
- people who follow this go to doctor, take meds, and do other things to improve their health
- congruent with integrative modes of therapy
- address more comprehensive health needs
- compatible with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
what is functioning when it is related to health - ANS ✔✔- health requires the ability to function
- functioning can be high level or low level
- physical, mental, and social levels of function (reflected in terms of performance and social
expectations)
the loss of function may be a sign of - ANS ✔✔- disease/health failure
- may need health care intervention
- ex: elderly experiencing decline in function may be a sentinel event for future loss and death
what is disease - ANS ✔✔- failure of a persons adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses
adequately resulting in functional or structural disturbances
- this definition is an ecological concept of disease which uses multiple factors to determine the cause of
disease rather than describing a single cause (multifactorial approach increases the chances of
discovering multiple points of intervention to improve health)
a person can have a disease without feeling - ANS ✔✔ill
GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS & TEST PREP
what are some of the historical perspectives of health before the 1940s - ANS ✔✔- health=absence of
disease
- infectious diseases prominent
- physician: independent primary practitioner
- government: start public health/welfare
what are some of the historical perspectives of health from the 1940s-1950s - ANS ✔✔- health=ability to
fulfill roles
- physicals for fitness
- physicians linked to hospital services
- increased federal role: hospital expansion, federal programs
what are some of the historical perspectives of health from the 1960s to the present - ANS ✔✔-
health=adaptation and reaction to environment
- disease prevention/health promotion
- emphasis on individual responsibility/lifestyle choices
- advance practice nurses became health providers
- government: control costs
- quality of life seen as component of health: person/family perception important (functional health)
- person centered care: holistic care with patient input
what is functional health/health related quality of life - ANS ✔✔self-rated health and function related to
quality of life
people involved in health promotion must - ANS ✔✔consider the meaning of health for themselves and
for others
recognizing the differences in the meaning of health can - ANS ✔✔clarify outcomes and expectations in
health promotion and enhance the quality of health care
the word health is used to describe different things including - ANS ✔✔- health philosophy of care
- health system
- health practices
- health behaviors
- health costs
- health insurance
people's use of the term "health" and its incorporation into these various entities have also - ANS
✔✔changed over time
what model and its objectives of health does the Healthy People 2030 based its objectives on - ANS
✔✔social ecological model of health (SEMOH) and social determinants
,social ecological model of health is a - ANS ✔✔comprehensive developmental approach and is useful for
promoting health at individual, family, community, and social levels
social ecological model of health emphasizes the interconnection between - ANS ✔✔people and
physical/social environments
in the SEMOH model, there is an emphasis placed on - ANS ✔✔quality of life where quality is subjective
as well as objective
the SEMOH model promotes health on multiple science based levels including - ANS ✔✔-
individual/family
- community/society
what is an important determinant of health - ANS ✔✔resiliency
what is resiliency - ANS ✔✔one's ability to deal with stress and trauma
what were the 4 goals from Healthy People 2020 that are now the building blocks for the goals of
Healthy People 2030 - ANS ✔✔1. attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability,
injury, and premature death
2. achieve health equality, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups
3. create social and physical environments that promote good health for all
4. promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages
research in a variety of areas has clearly indicated that health disparities are directly and indirectly linked
to - ANS ✔✔longevity and quality of life issues
what is so important/significant about the Healthy People 2030 goals - ANS ✔✔- will be the first time a
goal to engage leadership, constituents and the public has been identified
- these parties/sectors had not been previously consulted in formulating policies to foster health and
well being
what is the clinical model of health - ANS ✔✔- health is viewed as the absence of s/s of disease;
prevention is not emphasized
- people who use this model may not seek preventive health services or they may wait until they are very
ill to seek care (not a lot of motivation for personal health responsibilities)
the clinical model is the conventional model of - ANS ✔✔the discipline of medicine
what is an example of the clinical model - ANS ✔✔women waits to get a routine mammogram because
she is not experiencing any s/s, but because she waited and never got any accurate screening done she
became very ill one day, rushed to the hospital, and diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer (could have
been prevented if preventive measures were taken)
what is the role performance model of health - ANS ✔✔- health based on whether person can perform
societal roles
- role performance includes work, family, and social roles with performance based on societal
expectations
, what are the basis for the role performance model of health - ANS ✔✔- occupational health evaluations
- school physicals
- medically excused absences
what is illness according to the role performance model of health - ANS ✔✔failure to perform roles at
the level of others in society
what is a vital component of the role performance model - ANS ✔✔the idea of the "sick role"
what is the idea of the "sick role" - ANS ✔✔- excuses people from performing their social functions
- still relevant in health care today
what is the adaptive model of health - ANS ✔✔- health is measured as people's ability to adjust/adapt
positively to social, mental, and psychologic change
- illness occurs when the person fails to adapt or becomes maladaptive to these changes
- the aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the person to adapt
- the goal is to be able to maintain their personal and social stuff adequately and still enjoy life
what is the eudaimonistic model of health - ANS ✔✔- embodies holistic view of interactions and
interrelationships with physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment
- health is seen as exuberent well being
- the healthy person is self actualized and fulfilled
what are the basis for the eudaimonistic model of health - ANS ✔✔- emphasis on interaction and
interrelationships in multiple aspects of life
- people who follow this go to doctor, take meds, and do other things to improve their health
- congruent with integrative modes of therapy
- address more comprehensive health needs
- compatible with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
what is functioning when it is related to health - ANS ✔✔- health requires the ability to function
- functioning can be high level or low level
- physical, mental, and social levels of function (reflected in terms of performance and social
expectations)
the loss of function may be a sign of - ANS ✔✔- disease/health failure
- may need health care intervention
- ex: elderly experiencing decline in function may be a sentinel event for future loss and death
what is disease - ANS ✔✔- failure of a persons adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses
adequately resulting in functional or structural disturbances
- this definition is an ecological concept of disease which uses multiple factors to determine the cause of
disease rather than describing a single cause (multifactorial approach increases the chances of
discovering multiple points of intervention to improve health)
a person can have a disease without feeling - ANS ✔✔ill
