INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY 10TH EDITION EXAM
PREP 2026 FULL QUESTION COLLECTION
WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS
◉ Extravasation
Answer: Complication of IV drugs in which they are injected into the
tissue instead of the vein
◉ Intraosseous
Answer: Route of administration by inserting an intraosseous needle
into the bone marrow
- Useful in emergent situations
◉ Subcutaneous
Answer: Route of administration via injection through the skin
- Good for slow-release implants (ex. birth control)
- Good for self-administration (ex. insulin)
- High bioavailability
- Slower onset than intramuscular
,Disadvantage- May cause pain or necrosis
◉ Intramuscular
Answer: Route of administration through injection into the muscle
- Less invasive than an intravenous line
- High bioavailability
- Fast onset (within minutes)
Disadvantages:
- Can be painful, larger volumes= more pain
- Limits to how much can be injected (approximately 3mL)
- Requires blood flow to be absorbed (not good for hypotensive
patients)
- Obese/ emaciated patients may have altered absorption
- Exercise and heat may affect absorption
◉ Intrathecal
Answer: This type of administration features injection into the
subarachnoid space; bypasses the blood brain barrier and gives
medications to the spinal cord and only the spinal cord (ex.
anesthesia during delivery)
- Slow absorption of drugs
, ◉ Sublingual
Answer: This type of administration features drugs given under the
tongue, bypassing the liver (little first pass effect)
- Higher bioavailability than oral administration and good for
patients who can't swallow pills
Disadvantage: few drugs are available to be taken with this route
◉ Oral (PO)
Answer: This administration route of drugs is the most common,
safest, and most economical for the patient
Disadvantages: Requires patient compliance, patient must be
allowed to swallow, first pass effect, food-drug interactions
◉ Enteric Coating
Answer: Coating on oral medications that allows acid-labile drugs to
resist stomach acids
◉ Controlled (extended) release preparations
Answer: These preparations allow for continued absorption of a
drug throughout the day
PHARMACOLOGY 10TH EDITION EXAM
PREP 2026 FULL QUESTION COLLECTION
WITH EXPERT SOLUTIONS
◉ Extravasation
Answer: Complication of IV drugs in which they are injected into the
tissue instead of the vein
◉ Intraosseous
Answer: Route of administration by inserting an intraosseous needle
into the bone marrow
- Useful in emergent situations
◉ Subcutaneous
Answer: Route of administration via injection through the skin
- Good for slow-release implants (ex. birth control)
- Good for self-administration (ex. insulin)
- High bioavailability
- Slower onset than intramuscular
,Disadvantage- May cause pain or necrosis
◉ Intramuscular
Answer: Route of administration through injection into the muscle
- Less invasive than an intravenous line
- High bioavailability
- Fast onset (within minutes)
Disadvantages:
- Can be painful, larger volumes= more pain
- Limits to how much can be injected (approximately 3mL)
- Requires blood flow to be absorbed (not good for hypotensive
patients)
- Obese/ emaciated patients may have altered absorption
- Exercise and heat may affect absorption
◉ Intrathecal
Answer: This type of administration features injection into the
subarachnoid space; bypasses the blood brain barrier and gives
medications to the spinal cord and only the spinal cord (ex.
anesthesia during delivery)
- Slow absorption of drugs
, ◉ Sublingual
Answer: This type of administration features drugs given under the
tongue, bypassing the liver (little first pass effect)
- Higher bioavailability than oral administration and good for
patients who can't swallow pills
Disadvantage: few drugs are available to be taken with this route
◉ Oral (PO)
Answer: This administration route of drugs is the most common,
safest, and most economical for the patient
Disadvantages: Requires patient compliance, patient must be
allowed to swallow, first pass effect, food-drug interactions
◉ Enteric Coating
Answer: Coating on oral medications that allows acid-labile drugs to
resist stomach acids
◉ Controlled (extended) release preparations
Answer: These preparations allow for continued absorption of a
drug throughout the day
