NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1-5 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR, PULMONARY, AND RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Latest Updated Solutions with Detailed Rationales for Academic Year

NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1-5 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR, PULMONARY, AND RENAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Latest Updated Solutions with Detailed Rationales for Academic Year NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 5 NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1 1. A patient presents with muscle atrophy following prolonged bed rest. This type of atrophy is classified as: A. Physiologic atrophy B. Pathologic atrophy C. Compensatory atrophy D. Hormonal atrophy Correct Answer: B Rationale: Pathologic atrophy occurs due to decreased workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Prolonged bed rest leads to disuse atrophy, which is a pathologic form. Physiologic atrophy occurs naturally, such as thymus gland involution in early childhood. ________________________________________ 2. Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in cell number through mitosis without changes in individual cell size? A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Dysplasia Correct Answer: C Rationale: Hyperplasia is defined by an increase in the number of cells through mitotic division. The size of individual cells does not change. This can be physiologic (compensatory or hormonal) or pathologic (abnormal proliferation due to hormonal stimulation). ________________________________________ 3. A Pap smear reveals abnormal cells with changes in size, shape, and organization. This finding is characteristic of: A. Metaplasia B. Atrophy C. Dysplasia D. Hyperplasia Correct Answer: C Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization. It is classified as mild, moderate, or severe and is often described as atypical hyperplasia or precancerous. Cervical dysplasia associated with HPV is a classic example. ________________________________________ 4. A chronic smoker develops replacement of normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the bronchi with stratified squamous epithelial cells. This process is known as: A. Dysplasia B. Hyperplasia C. Metaplasia D. Atrophy Correct Answer: C Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one cell type transforms into another for survival. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium due to chronic irritation from cigarette smoke. ________________________________________ 5. Barrett esophagus involves the replacement of normal squamous epithelial cells with columnar epithelial cells. This is an example of: A. Pathologic metaplasia B. Physiologic metaplasia C. Dysplasia D. Hyperplasia Correct Answer: A Rationale: Barrett esophagus represents pathologic metaplasia where normal squamous cells of the esophagus transform into columnar epithelial cells in response to chronic acid reflux. This is also known as intestinal metaplasia and increases cancer risk. ________________________________________ 6. Which cellular adaptation is considered a true adaptive response where cells decrease in size but remain functional? A. Atrophy B. Hyperplasia C. Metaplasia D. Dysplasia Correct Answer: A Rationale: Atrophy involves a decrease in cell size while cells remain functional. It results from an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, with increased catabolism of intracellular organelles. The cells are still functional but reduced in size. ________________________________________ 7. The thymus gland decreasing in size during early childhood is an example of: A. Pathologic atrophy B. Physiologic atrophy C. Pathologic hyperplasia D. Physiologic hyperplasia Correct Answer: B Rationale: Physiologic atrophy occurs naturally as part of normal