NGR 7874 Informatics & Patient Care Technology Final
Exam (Summer 2026) Questions with 100% Verified
Answers Latest Update
Question: Objective: Define health informatics. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
The term used to describe the science of information management in healthcare p.55
Question: Objective: Illustrate the relationship between disciplinary science and informatics.
(Ch. 1)
Answer:
In this text, we define health informatics as the combination of principles from the
disciplinary science, computer science, information science, and cognitive science.
Health informatics (HI), a product of the scientific synthesis of information in the practice
discipline, encompasses concepts from computer science, cognitive science, information
science, and disciplinary science. HI continues to evolve as more and more professionals
access, use, and develop the information, computer, and cognitive sciences necessary to
advance disciplinary science for the betterment of patients and the healthcare professions.
Regardless of their future roles in the healthcare milieu, it is clear that healthcare
professionals need to understand the ethical application of computer, information, and
cognitive sciences to advance the healthcare disciplinary sciences. p.55
Question: Objective: Introduce the Foundation of Knowledge model as the organizing
conceptual framework for the text. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
The Foundation of Knowledge model permeates this text, reflecting the understanding that
knowledge is a powerful tool and that healthcare workers focus on information as a key
building block of knowledge. The application of the model is described in each section of the
text to help the reader understand and appreciate the foundation of knowledge in
disciplinary science and see how it applies to health informatics.
One should imagine the model as a dynamic figure in which the cones of light and the
feedback rotate and interact rather than remain static. Knowledge acquisition, knowledge
generation, knowledge dissemination, knowledge processing, and feedback are constantly
evolving for healthcare professionals. p.61
Question: Objective: Explain the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) paradigm (Ch.
1)
Answer:
Tom H. is a physical therapist who works in a metropolitan hospital providing physical
therapy services to a wide variety of patients. Today, Tom is evaluating the mobility of a 90-
year-old man with multiple health challenges—aortic stenosis, atrial fibrillation,
hypertension controlled with medication, and arthritis—who was admitted to the hospital for
,treatment of gross hematuria. The patient lives at home with his wife, who reports
progressive weakness and reluctance to ambulate. The urologist wrote the consult for
physical therapy to help the patient meet his goal of continuing to live at home. Tom first
reviews the EHR to learn the key diagnoses, the patient's blood count, and the latest set of
vital signs before approaching the patient. patient is a fall risk. After interviewing the
patient and checking the oxygen saturation level with a pulse oximeter, Tom prepares to
assess the patient's ambulation. Tom asks the patient to sit up first and pause, then
carefully assists him to a standing position. Tom notices that the patient's walker is not
adjusted properly for his height, so Tom makes the adjustment before they begin to walk.
Question:
Answer:
Pause to consider Tom's actions so far and how they relate to the DIKW paradigm. Tom
relied on the data and information he acquired during his review of the EHR and the patient
interview and assessment to deliver appropriate care to his patient. Tom also used
technology (a pulse oximeter) to assist with and support the delivery of care. Tom reached
into his knowledge base of previous learning and experiences to direct his care so that he
could act with transparent wisdom. Tom knew that because the patient had multiple
cardiovascular issues, orthostatic hypotension was a real possibility, so he asked the patient
to sit up on the edge of the bed and pause before attempting to stand. p.58
Question: Objective: Establish healthcare professionals as knowledge workers. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
Healthcare professionals are knowledge workers—that is, people who work with information
and generate information and knowledge as a product. p.63
Question:
Answer:
Question: Describe a scenario in your discipline where you used data, information,
knowledge, and wisdom. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
in the CVICU. I had a routine post-op valve repair patient. I gathered data by reading the
pt's history in the EHR and determined that he had a history of HTN. I also gathered date
using the arterial line and BP cuff to determine that he was currently hypertensive.
Knowledge I gained from my work experience informed me that pt's recovering from a valve
repair should not be allowed to be hypertensive. Knowledge also informed me that my
standing order for a Nitroglycerin drip should be hung to reduce this pt's BP. I used wisdom
to know that for some patients, nitro does not lower their BP as effectively as is needed. So,
I requested a change to Nicardipine which often is more effective at lowering blood
pressure.
Question: Group Discussion: Choose a clinical scenario from your recent experience and
, analyze it using the Foundation of Knowledge Model. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
Using the same scenario above (Post-op valve repair CVICU patient): I acquired knowledge
from nursing school, unit experience, self-studying and life experience. I processed
knowledge by applying my previous knowledge to data. I generated new knowledge by
understanding which data was useful in this case. I disseminated knowledge by sharing it in
this group discussion. The feedback I received from sharing my knowledge led me to reflect,
rethink, and reexplore my knowledge acquisition which leads me to further processing.
Question: Objective: Reflect on the progression from data to information to knowledge. (Ch.
2)
Answer:
Data are raw facts, information is processed data that has meaning. Healthcare
professionals constantly process data and information to provide the best possible care to
patients (that is knowledge).
Question: Objective: Describe the term information. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Information is processed data that has meaning.
Example: A patient's x-ray shows a fracture, it is interpreted into information such as spiral,
compound, or hairline.
Question: Objective: Assess how information is acquired. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Information is acquired through collection of quality data; to be valuable and meaningful,
information must be of good quality.
Also, Page 87 states: "Information is acquired by actively looking for it or by having it
conveyed by the environment".
Question: Objective: Explore the characteristics of quality information. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Characteristics of valuable, quality information include accessibility, security, timeliness,
accuracy, relevancy, completeness, flexibility, reliability, objectivity, utility, transparency,
verifiability, and reproducibility.
Question: Objective: Describe an information system. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Information systems (computer based) are combinations of hardware, software, and
telecommunication networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute
useful data, typically in organizational settings.
Exam (Summer 2026) Questions with 100% Verified
Answers Latest Update
Question: Objective: Define health informatics. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
The term used to describe the science of information management in healthcare p.55
Question: Objective: Illustrate the relationship between disciplinary science and informatics.
(Ch. 1)
Answer:
In this text, we define health informatics as the combination of principles from the
disciplinary science, computer science, information science, and cognitive science.
Health informatics (HI), a product of the scientific synthesis of information in the practice
discipline, encompasses concepts from computer science, cognitive science, information
science, and disciplinary science. HI continues to evolve as more and more professionals
access, use, and develop the information, computer, and cognitive sciences necessary to
advance disciplinary science for the betterment of patients and the healthcare professions.
Regardless of their future roles in the healthcare milieu, it is clear that healthcare
professionals need to understand the ethical application of computer, information, and
cognitive sciences to advance the healthcare disciplinary sciences. p.55
Question: Objective: Introduce the Foundation of Knowledge model as the organizing
conceptual framework for the text. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
The Foundation of Knowledge model permeates this text, reflecting the understanding that
knowledge is a powerful tool and that healthcare workers focus on information as a key
building block of knowledge. The application of the model is described in each section of the
text to help the reader understand and appreciate the foundation of knowledge in
disciplinary science and see how it applies to health informatics.
One should imagine the model as a dynamic figure in which the cones of light and the
feedback rotate and interact rather than remain static. Knowledge acquisition, knowledge
generation, knowledge dissemination, knowledge processing, and feedback are constantly
evolving for healthcare professionals. p.61
Question: Objective: Explain the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) paradigm (Ch.
1)
Answer:
Tom H. is a physical therapist who works in a metropolitan hospital providing physical
therapy services to a wide variety of patients. Today, Tom is evaluating the mobility of a 90-
year-old man with multiple health challenges—aortic stenosis, atrial fibrillation,
hypertension controlled with medication, and arthritis—who was admitted to the hospital for
,treatment of gross hematuria. The patient lives at home with his wife, who reports
progressive weakness and reluctance to ambulate. The urologist wrote the consult for
physical therapy to help the patient meet his goal of continuing to live at home. Tom first
reviews the EHR to learn the key diagnoses, the patient's blood count, and the latest set of
vital signs before approaching the patient. patient is a fall risk. After interviewing the
patient and checking the oxygen saturation level with a pulse oximeter, Tom prepares to
assess the patient's ambulation. Tom asks the patient to sit up first and pause, then
carefully assists him to a standing position. Tom notices that the patient's walker is not
adjusted properly for his height, so Tom makes the adjustment before they begin to walk.
Question:
Answer:
Pause to consider Tom's actions so far and how they relate to the DIKW paradigm. Tom
relied on the data and information he acquired during his review of the EHR and the patient
interview and assessment to deliver appropriate care to his patient. Tom also used
technology (a pulse oximeter) to assist with and support the delivery of care. Tom reached
into his knowledge base of previous learning and experiences to direct his care so that he
could act with transparent wisdom. Tom knew that because the patient had multiple
cardiovascular issues, orthostatic hypotension was a real possibility, so he asked the patient
to sit up on the edge of the bed and pause before attempting to stand. p.58
Question: Objective: Establish healthcare professionals as knowledge workers. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
Healthcare professionals are knowledge workers—that is, people who work with information
and generate information and knowledge as a product. p.63
Question:
Answer:
Question: Describe a scenario in your discipline where you used data, information,
knowledge, and wisdom. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
in the CVICU. I had a routine post-op valve repair patient. I gathered data by reading the
pt's history in the EHR and determined that he had a history of HTN. I also gathered date
using the arterial line and BP cuff to determine that he was currently hypertensive.
Knowledge I gained from my work experience informed me that pt's recovering from a valve
repair should not be allowed to be hypertensive. Knowledge also informed me that my
standing order for a Nitroglycerin drip should be hung to reduce this pt's BP. I used wisdom
to know that for some patients, nitro does not lower their BP as effectively as is needed. So,
I requested a change to Nicardipine which often is more effective at lowering blood
pressure.
Question: Group Discussion: Choose a clinical scenario from your recent experience and
, analyze it using the Foundation of Knowledge Model. (Ch. 1)
Answer:
Using the same scenario above (Post-op valve repair CVICU patient): I acquired knowledge
from nursing school, unit experience, self-studying and life experience. I processed
knowledge by applying my previous knowledge to data. I generated new knowledge by
understanding which data was useful in this case. I disseminated knowledge by sharing it in
this group discussion. The feedback I received from sharing my knowledge led me to reflect,
rethink, and reexplore my knowledge acquisition which leads me to further processing.
Question: Objective: Reflect on the progression from data to information to knowledge. (Ch.
2)
Answer:
Data are raw facts, information is processed data that has meaning. Healthcare
professionals constantly process data and information to provide the best possible care to
patients (that is knowledge).
Question: Objective: Describe the term information. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Information is processed data that has meaning.
Example: A patient's x-ray shows a fracture, it is interpreted into information such as spiral,
compound, or hairline.
Question: Objective: Assess how information is acquired. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Information is acquired through collection of quality data; to be valuable and meaningful,
information must be of good quality.
Also, Page 87 states: "Information is acquired by actively looking for it or by having it
conveyed by the environment".
Question: Objective: Explore the characteristics of quality information. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Characteristics of valuable, quality information include accessibility, security, timeliness,
accuracy, relevancy, completeness, flexibility, reliability, objectivity, utility, transparency,
verifiability, and reproducibility.
Question: Objective: Describe an information system. (Ch. 2)
Answer:
Information systems (computer based) are combinations of hardware, software, and
telecommunication networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute
useful data, typically in organizational settings.
