CPH [2026/2027] | UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Question and Answer | Final Review Guide
• A district health department is trying to decide whether to invest in interpretation
services and translated materials to address local language barriers, address needs of
limited English proficient (LEP) clients and meet Federal requirements. The Four Factor
Analysis-to guide LHDs in meeting these mandates and to provide recommendations for
providing translated materials and interpretation services- is part of a
1.National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)
Assessment
2.Language Needs Assessment
3.Health Resource Access Assessment
4.Community Literacy Assessment -✓✓ 2.Language Needs Assessment
• Waiting until a program or intervention is complete to begin evaluation activities
misses important and valuable opportunities for what type of evaluation?
1.Outcome and impact evaluation
2.Summative evaluation
3.Process evaluation
4.Participant evaluation -✓✓ 3.Process evaluation
• Total coliform and E. coli counts are performed in routine monitoring of drinking water
reservoirs because:
1.These bacteria commonly cause gastrointestinal infection in humans.
2.They are a more easily grown indicator of Legionella spp. contamination.
3.Outdated laws require heterotrophic plate count monitoring of water.
4.Their numbers give general indication of a water supply's sanitary condition. -✓✓
4.Their numbers give general indication of a water supply's sanitary condition.
• The logic model that has been the dominant paradigm representing types of
information that may be collected to draw inferences about quality of care provided by a
healthcare system has been:
1.Donabedian's model
2.Shewart's PDCA
3.Theory of Change
4.Web of Causation -✓✓ 1.Donabedian's model
• The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is:
1.Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention
focuses on control of symptoms
2.Primary prevention focuses on control of acute disease, while secondary prevention
focuses on control of chronic disease
3.Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention
focuses on early detection and treatment of disease
,4.Primary prevention focuses on increasing resistance to disease, while secondary
prevention focuses on decreasing exposure to disease -✓✓ 3.Primary prevention
focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early
detection and treatment of disease
• A case-control study reported an odds ratio of approximately 50 for the relationship of
microcephaly to congenital Zika virus infection. This evidence for causality is called:
1.Strength of Association
2.Consistency
3.Temporality
4.Biological Gradient -✓✓ 1.Strength of Association
• Can federal environmental laws allow States to make parallel environmental laws?
1.Yes, if more stringent than federal standards
2.Yes, if less stringent than federal standards
3.Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards
4.No, states may not make their own environmental laws where federal laws exist -✓✓
3.Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards
• New to your leadership position, you realize that two of the programs you manage
have similar functions, and work with the same population in the same area. Data
trends over the past 5 years suggest that the health condition has improved
significantly. You decide that only one program is needed to provide the necessary
services to the community. This is an example of:
1.An analysis to justify and allocate resources
2.Applying a health equity and social justice lens
3.Strategic planning
4.Community Health Needs Assessment -✓✓ 1.An analysis to justify and allocate
resources
• Which of these has been defined as a core function of public health?
1.Maintaining the census to define populations
2.Consulting stakeholders to decide what best serves public interest
3.Conducting research to solve all population health problems
4.Acting in an ethical manner -✓✓ 2.Consulting stakeholders to decide what best serves
public interest
• Drug therapy for individuals who have screened positive for tuberculosis (TB) infection,
but do not have any TB symptoms, is considered which type of prevention for TB
disease?
1.Primary
2.Secondary
3.Tertiary
4.Quaternary -✓✓ 2.Secondary
, • An anti-vaccine group is pressuring government to stop requiring vaccination of
children because the disease incidence rate has become very low. The health
department is defending the vaccination stance and looking for a way to explain this to
legislators. In terms of systems theory, the relationship over time between required
vaccination and decrease in incidence rate is a:
1.Positive feedback loop
2.Outflow effect
3.Negative feedback loop
4.Inflow effect -✓✓ 3.Negative feedback loop
• Which of the following processes from the Transtheoretical Model refers to substituting
healthy behaviors for unhealthy ones?
1.Stimulus control
2.Consciousness raising
3.Reinforcement management
4.Counter-conditioning -✓✓ 4.Counter-conditioning
• Exposures to negative situations such as a parent who smokes, sedentary lifestyle,
high levels of alcohol consumption, and unprotected sex can increase the likelihood of
developing disease or injury and poor health outcomes. Such exposures are often
referred to as:
1.Risk factors
2.Environmental factors
3.Socioeconomic factors
4.Community factors -✓✓ 1.Risk factors
• A key characteristic of action research or community based participatory research
(CBPR) include:
1.Securing local community IRB approvals for the project and informed consent
2.Embracing the community as a full and equal research partner
3.Presenting a well thought out research and analysis plan to the community
4.Partnering with law makers to ensure health improvements in the community -✓✓
2.Embracing the community as a full and equal research partner
• Which of the following water-borne disease organisms is very difficult to kill by
chemical disinfection of drinking and/or recreational water supply systems and has
caused major US disease outbreaks?
1.Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera)
2.Cryptosporidium (causes Cryptosporidiosis)
3.Giardia lamblia (causes Giardiasis)
4.Escherichia coli (causes acute gastroenteritis) -✓✓ 2.Cryptosporidium (causes
Cryptosporidiosis)
• Which of the following pairs of values are most likely to conflict during a response to a
public health emergency?
1.Truth-telling versus community welfare
Question and Answer | Final Review Guide
• A district health department is trying to decide whether to invest in interpretation
services and translated materials to address local language barriers, address needs of
limited English proficient (LEP) clients and meet Federal requirements. The Four Factor
Analysis-to guide LHDs in meeting these mandates and to provide recommendations for
providing translated materials and interpretation services- is part of a
1.National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS)
Assessment
2.Language Needs Assessment
3.Health Resource Access Assessment
4.Community Literacy Assessment -✓✓ 2.Language Needs Assessment
• Waiting until a program or intervention is complete to begin evaluation activities
misses important and valuable opportunities for what type of evaluation?
1.Outcome and impact evaluation
2.Summative evaluation
3.Process evaluation
4.Participant evaluation -✓✓ 3.Process evaluation
• Total coliform and E. coli counts are performed in routine monitoring of drinking water
reservoirs because:
1.These bacteria commonly cause gastrointestinal infection in humans.
2.They are a more easily grown indicator of Legionella spp. contamination.
3.Outdated laws require heterotrophic plate count monitoring of water.
4.Their numbers give general indication of a water supply's sanitary condition. -✓✓
4.Their numbers give general indication of a water supply's sanitary condition.
• The logic model that has been the dominant paradigm representing types of
information that may be collected to draw inferences about quality of care provided by a
healthcare system has been:
1.Donabedian's model
2.Shewart's PDCA
3.Theory of Change
4.Web of Causation -✓✓ 1.Donabedian's model
• The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is:
1.Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention
focuses on control of symptoms
2.Primary prevention focuses on control of acute disease, while secondary prevention
focuses on control of chronic disease
3.Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention
focuses on early detection and treatment of disease
,4.Primary prevention focuses on increasing resistance to disease, while secondary
prevention focuses on decreasing exposure to disease -✓✓ 3.Primary prevention
focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early
detection and treatment of disease
• A case-control study reported an odds ratio of approximately 50 for the relationship of
microcephaly to congenital Zika virus infection. This evidence for causality is called:
1.Strength of Association
2.Consistency
3.Temporality
4.Biological Gradient -✓✓ 1.Strength of Association
• Can federal environmental laws allow States to make parallel environmental laws?
1.Yes, if more stringent than federal standards
2.Yes, if less stringent than federal standards
3.Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards
4.No, states may not make their own environmental laws where federal laws exist -✓✓
3.Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards
• New to your leadership position, you realize that two of the programs you manage
have similar functions, and work with the same population in the same area. Data
trends over the past 5 years suggest that the health condition has improved
significantly. You decide that only one program is needed to provide the necessary
services to the community. This is an example of:
1.An analysis to justify and allocate resources
2.Applying a health equity and social justice lens
3.Strategic planning
4.Community Health Needs Assessment -✓✓ 1.An analysis to justify and allocate
resources
• Which of these has been defined as a core function of public health?
1.Maintaining the census to define populations
2.Consulting stakeholders to decide what best serves public interest
3.Conducting research to solve all population health problems
4.Acting in an ethical manner -✓✓ 2.Consulting stakeholders to decide what best serves
public interest
• Drug therapy for individuals who have screened positive for tuberculosis (TB) infection,
but do not have any TB symptoms, is considered which type of prevention for TB
disease?
1.Primary
2.Secondary
3.Tertiary
4.Quaternary -✓✓ 2.Secondary
, • An anti-vaccine group is pressuring government to stop requiring vaccination of
children because the disease incidence rate has become very low. The health
department is defending the vaccination stance and looking for a way to explain this to
legislators. In terms of systems theory, the relationship over time between required
vaccination and decrease in incidence rate is a:
1.Positive feedback loop
2.Outflow effect
3.Negative feedback loop
4.Inflow effect -✓✓ 3.Negative feedback loop
• Which of the following processes from the Transtheoretical Model refers to substituting
healthy behaviors for unhealthy ones?
1.Stimulus control
2.Consciousness raising
3.Reinforcement management
4.Counter-conditioning -✓✓ 4.Counter-conditioning
• Exposures to negative situations such as a parent who smokes, sedentary lifestyle,
high levels of alcohol consumption, and unprotected sex can increase the likelihood of
developing disease or injury and poor health outcomes. Such exposures are often
referred to as:
1.Risk factors
2.Environmental factors
3.Socioeconomic factors
4.Community factors -✓✓ 1.Risk factors
• A key characteristic of action research or community based participatory research
(CBPR) include:
1.Securing local community IRB approvals for the project and informed consent
2.Embracing the community as a full and equal research partner
3.Presenting a well thought out research and analysis plan to the community
4.Partnering with law makers to ensure health improvements in the community -✓✓
2.Embracing the community as a full and equal research partner
• Which of the following water-borne disease organisms is very difficult to kill by
chemical disinfection of drinking and/or recreational water supply systems and has
caused major US disease outbreaks?
1.Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera)
2.Cryptosporidium (causes Cryptosporidiosis)
3.Giardia lamblia (causes Giardiasis)
4.Escherichia coli (causes acute gastroenteritis) -✓✓ 2.Cryptosporidium (causes
Cryptosporidiosis)
• Which of the following pairs of values are most likely to conflict during a response to a
public health emergency?
1.Truth-telling versus community welfare
