, Carbon & its Compounds
Living structures are carbon-based, with the Earth's crust containing only 0.02% carbon in minerals like
carbonates, coal, and petroleum, while the atmosphere has 0.03% carbon dioxide.
Bonding in Carbon - The Covalent Bond
The atomic number of carbon is 6 with electronic configuration is 2, 4.
It requires, 4 electrons to achieve inert gas electronic configuration but cannot form an
ionic bond as it can potentially gain four electrons to form a C4- anion, or lose four
electrons to form a C4+ cation. However, due to its nucleus with six protons, it is
challenging to hold onto ten electrons or remove four electrons without requiring
significant energy.
Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing of its valence electrons with other carbon atoms
or with atoms of other elements.
Covalent Bond: bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms in a molecule
Types of Covalent Bond
Single Covalent Bond Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent Bond
When a single pair of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a
When two pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a
.0
When three pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a
molecule. For example; F₂, Cl₂, H₂ etc molecule. For example; O₂, CO₂ etc
2
molecule. For example; N₂ etc
ng Electron Dot Structure
i
It provides a picture of bonding in molecules in terms of the shared pairs of electrons and octet rule.
n
ar
Formation of H₂ Molecule Formation of O₂ Molecule Formation of N₂ Molecule Formation of CH₄ Molecule
Atomic no. of Hydrogen = 1 Atomic no. of Oxygen = 8 Atomic no. of Nitrogen = 7 Atomic no. of Carbon = 6
No. of valence electrons = 1 No. of valence electrons = 6 No. of valence electrons = 5 No. of valence electrons = 4
Le
ive
Diamond
Allotropes of Carbon
Graphite Buckminster Fullerenes
at
Carbon atoms are bonded in three-
dimensional structures, creating a
Carbon atom is bonded to three
other carbon atoms. It is a good
This allotrope of carbon-containing
cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined
e
hard, insulating material used for conductor of electricity and used as together to form spherical molecules.
r
drilling, cutting, and making jewelry. a lubricant. It is dark solid at room temperature.
C
Versatile Nature of Carbon
Carbon can form large number of compounds with itself and other elements also.
The two characteristic properties of carbon element which lead to the formation of large number of
compounds :
31
Living structures are carbon-based, with the Earth's crust containing only 0.02% carbon in minerals like
carbonates, coal, and petroleum, while the atmosphere has 0.03% carbon dioxide.
Bonding in Carbon - The Covalent Bond
The atomic number of carbon is 6 with electronic configuration is 2, 4.
It requires, 4 electrons to achieve inert gas electronic configuration but cannot form an
ionic bond as it can potentially gain four electrons to form a C4- anion, or lose four
electrons to form a C4+ cation. However, due to its nucleus with six protons, it is
challenging to hold onto ten electrons or remove four electrons without requiring
significant energy.
Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing of its valence electrons with other carbon atoms
or with atoms of other elements.
Covalent Bond: bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms in a molecule
Types of Covalent Bond
Single Covalent Bond Double Covalent Bond Triple Covalent Bond
When a single pair of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a
When two pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a
.0
When three pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a
molecule. For example; F₂, Cl₂, H₂ etc molecule. For example; O₂, CO₂ etc
2
molecule. For example; N₂ etc
ng Electron Dot Structure
i
It provides a picture of bonding in molecules in terms of the shared pairs of electrons and octet rule.
n
ar
Formation of H₂ Molecule Formation of O₂ Molecule Formation of N₂ Molecule Formation of CH₄ Molecule
Atomic no. of Hydrogen = 1 Atomic no. of Oxygen = 8 Atomic no. of Nitrogen = 7 Atomic no. of Carbon = 6
No. of valence electrons = 1 No. of valence electrons = 6 No. of valence electrons = 5 No. of valence electrons = 4
Le
ive
Diamond
Allotropes of Carbon
Graphite Buckminster Fullerenes
at
Carbon atoms are bonded in three-
dimensional structures, creating a
Carbon atom is bonded to three
other carbon atoms. It is a good
This allotrope of carbon-containing
cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined
e
hard, insulating material used for conductor of electricity and used as together to form spherical molecules.
r
drilling, cutting, and making jewelry. a lubricant. It is dark solid at room temperature.
C
Versatile Nature of Carbon
Carbon can form large number of compounds with itself and other elements also.
The two characteristic properties of carbon element which lead to the formation of large number of
compounds :
31
