NSG 3280 - EXAM 3 (NEURO)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PRACTICE
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS NEWEST |
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What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? - ANSWER-Nerve tissue struggles with
anaerobic metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased oxygen.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER-Cell death.
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER-Decreased oxygen leading to mitochondrial failure and
cell damage.
What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - ANSWER-Glutamate.
What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? - ANSWER-Ischemia increases
glutamate release.
What are the effects of too much glutamate? - ANSWER-Increased calcium and water
enter the cell, causing calcium overload and cytotoxic edema.
What does excessive glutamate production lead to? - ANSWER-Increased production of
nitrous oxide, free radical formation, and cell death.
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)? - ANSWER-0-15 mmHg
At what ICP level does brain impairment occur? - ANSWER-> 22 mmHg for > 5 minutes
What are the three main components of the cranial cavity according to the Monroe-
Kellie doctrine? - ANSWER-Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Blood
,What is intracranial compliance? - ANSWER-The ability of the cranial components to
adjust to changes in volume to minimize impact on ICP.
Name an everyday activity that can cause slight changes in ICP. - ANSWER-Sneeze,
cough, bending, laugh
What is interstitial edema? - ANSWER-Swelling caused by fluid, electrolytes, and
proteins forced into the intercellular space due to vessel damage or increased pressure.
What causes intracellular edema? - ANSWER-Global ischemia leading to cellular
energy failure and Na+ accumulation, attracting water into the cell.
What is the most sensitive clinical manifestation of increased ICP? - ANSWER-Change
in level of consciousness (LOC), often increased drowsiness.
What are common symptoms of increased ICP? - ANSWER-Headache,
nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, slow pupillary response.
What is Cushing's Triad? - ANSWER-A late sign of increased ICP characterized by
↑BP, ↓HR, and respiratory changes.
What does a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score indicate? - ANSWER-
A potential decrease in consciousness or brain function.
What is the maximum score for eye opening on the Glasgow Coma Scale? - ANSWER-
4 for spontaneous eye opening.
What is the maximum score for verbal response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
ANSWER-5 for oriented verbal response.
What is the maximum score for motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
ANSWER-6 for following commands.
What does decreased pupil response indicate? - ANSWER-Increased intracranial
pressure (ICP).
What is the normal response in the Doll's Eyes Test? - ANSWER-Eyes move in the
opposite direction of head movement.
What does an absent response in the Cold Calorics test indicate? - ANSWER-No eye
movement, suggesting potential brain dysfunction.
What is the normal response of the corneal reflex? - ANSWER-Blinking when a cotton
swab touches the cornea.
What does fixed and dilated pupils indicate? - ANSWER-Poor brain perfusion.
, What does small (pinpoint) pupils suggest? - ANSWER-Possible pons issue or drug
effects.
Focal (Coup) - ANSWER-Injury localized to the site of impact
Polar (Coup-countercoup) - ANSWER-Injury at site of impact and on opposite side of
the brain (due to brain's forward-backward movement within the skull)
Diffuse - ANSWER-Widespread damage of the brain
Multiple movements of brain within the skull - ANSWER-Results in shifting and
rotational forces causes stretching and shearing of white matter
Primary vs secondary injury - ANSWER-Primary - original injury; Secondary -
complications that form due to the bodies response to the primary injury
Examples of secondary injury - ANSWER-Cerebral edema, vessel rebleed or spasm,
CSF blockage, seizures
Epidural Hematoma - ANSWER-Location: between inner skull and dura mater
Subdural Hematoma - ANSWER-Location: between dura and outer arachnoid
membrane
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER-Location: Between outer arachnoid membrane
and pia mater
Thrombotic Stroke - ANSWER-Clot forms at the site of atherosclerotic plaque.
Embolic Stroke - ANSWER-Clot or plaque travels to the brain.
Irreversible Damage - ANSWER-Begins after just several minutes.
Symptoms Onset - ANSWER-Start to show after about 1 minute.
Infarction and Necrosis - ANSWER-Happen after a few hours.
Penumbra - ANSWER-Area around necrosis that's still viable due to collateral
circulation.
Lacunar Infarcts - ANSWER-Occlusions of arterioles.
Causes of Lacunar Infarcts - ANSWER-Often due to HTN or diabetes.
Risk Factor: Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-Plaque in arteries.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PRACTICE
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS NEWEST |
ALREADY GRADED A+/NEWEST
UPDATE
Brand new exam !!2026 exam guide
Already passed!!
What happens to nerve tissue during ischemia? - ANSWER-Nerve tissue struggles with
anaerobic metabolism and is very sensitive to decreased oxygen.
What is ischemia? - ANSWER-Cell death.
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER-Decreased oxygen leading to mitochondrial failure and
cell damage.
What is the main CNS neurotransmitter? - ANSWER-Glutamate.
What effect does ischemia have on glutamate? - ANSWER-Ischemia increases
glutamate release.
What are the effects of too much glutamate? - ANSWER-Increased calcium and water
enter the cell, causing calcium overload and cytotoxic edema.
What does excessive glutamate production lead to? - ANSWER-Increased production of
nitrous oxide, free radical formation, and cell death.
What is the normal range for intracranial pressure (ICP)? - ANSWER-0-15 mmHg
At what ICP level does brain impairment occur? - ANSWER-> 22 mmHg for > 5 minutes
What are the three main components of the cranial cavity according to the Monroe-
Kellie doctrine? - ANSWER-Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), Blood
,What is intracranial compliance? - ANSWER-The ability of the cranial components to
adjust to changes in volume to minimize impact on ICP.
Name an everyday activity that can cause slight changes in ICP. - ANSWER-Sneeze,
cough, bending, laugh
What is interstitial edema? - ANSWER-Swelling caused by fluid, electrolytes, and
proteins forced into the intercellular space due to vessel damage or increased pressure.
What causes intracellular edema? - ANSWER-Global ischemia leading to cellular
energy failure and Na+ accumulation, attracting water into the cell.
What is the most sensitive clinical manifestation of increased ICP? - ANSWER-Change
in level of consciousness (LOC), often increased drowsiness.
What are common symptoms of increased ICP? - ANSWER-Headache,
nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, slow pupillary response.
What is Cushing's Triad? - ANSWER-A late sign of increased ICP characterized by
↑BP, ↓HR, and respiratory changes.
What does a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score indicate? - ANSWER-
A potential decrease in consciousness or brain function.
What is the maximum score for eye opening on the Glasgow Coma Scale? - ANSWER-
4 for spontaneous eye opening.
What is the maximum score for verbal response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
ANSWER-5 for oriented verbal response.
What is the maximum score for motor response on the Glasgow Coma Scale? -
ANSWER-6 for following commands.
What does decreased pupil response indicate? - ANSWER-Increased intracranial
pressure (ICP).
What is the normal response in the Doll's Eyes Test? - ANSWER-Eyes move in the
opposite direction of head movement.
What does an absent response in the Cold Calorics test indicate? - ANSWER-No eye
movement, suggesting potential brain dysfunction.
What is the normal response of the corneal reflex? - ANSWER-Blinking when a cotton
swab touches the cornea.
What does fixed and dilated pupils indicate? - ANSWER-Poor brain perfusion.
, What does small (pinpoint) pupils suggest? - ANSWER-Possible pons issue or drug
effects.
Focal (Coup) - ANSWER-Injury localized to the site of impact
Polar (Coup-countercoup) - ANSWER-Injury at site of impact and on opposite side of
the brain (due to brain's forward-backward movement within the skull)
Diffuse - ANSWER-Widespread damage of the brain
Multiple movements of brain within the skull - ANSWER-Results in shifting and
rotational forces causes stretching and shearing of white matter
Primary vs secondary injury - ANSWER-Primary - original injury; Secondary -
complications that form due to the bodies response to the primary injury
Examples of secondary injury - ANSWER-Cerebral edema, vessel rebleed or spasm,
CSF blockage, seizures
Epidural Hematoma - ANSWER-Location: between inner skull and dura mater
Subdural Hematoma - ANSWER-Location: between dura and outer arachnoid
membrane
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANSWER-Location: Between outer arachnoid membrane
and pia mater
Thrombotic Stroke - ANSWER-Clot forms at the site of atherosclerotic plaque.
Embolic Stroke - ANSWER-Clot or plaque travels to the brain.
Irreversible Damage - ANSWER-Begins after just several minutes.
Symptoms Onset - ANSWER-Start to show after about 1 minute.
Infarction and Necrosis - ANSWER-Happen after a few hours.
Penumbra - ANSWER-Area around necrosis that's still viable due to collateral
circulation.
Lacunar Infarcts - ANSWER-Occlusions of arterioles.
Causes of Lacunar Infarcts - ANSWER-Often due to HTN or diabetes.
Risk Factor: Atherosclerosis - ANSWER-Plaque in arteries.
