NSG 3850 Pathophysiology Exam 2 –Covering Cell Injury,
Inflammation, Immune Disorders, Neoplasia, Fluid & Electrolytes,
Acid-Base Balance COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR
Q1. A cell exposed to a toxin shows swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum,
and loss of plasma membrane integrity. This is most consistent with:
A) Apoptosis
B) Autophagy
C) Necrosis
D) Atrophy
Answer: C – Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and organelle
damage, while apoptosis is controlled cell death without membrane rupture.
Q2. A patient has a myocardial infarction. Which type of necrosis is most likely in the heart
tissue?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
,Answer: B – Coagulative necrosis occurs in most solid organs (heart, kidney, spleen) after
ischemic injury, with preservation of tissue architecture.
Q3. Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Pancreatitis
C) Cerebral infarction
D) Frostbite
Answer: C – The brain, rich in hydrolytic enzymes, undergoes liquefactive necrosis. Also
seen in abscesses.
Q4. A granuloma with central cheese-like material is seen in tuberculosis. This is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Fat necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
Answer: B – Caseous necrosis is typical of TB; “cheese-like” material.
Q5. Saponification seen in acute pancreatitis is due to:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
,C) Fat necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
Answer: C – Lipases release fatty acids that complex with calcium, causing chalky white
areas (fat necrosis).
Q6. Apoptosis can be initiated via:
A) Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway
B) Extrinsic (death receptor) pathway
C) Both A and B
D) Only by p53 activation
Answer: C – Both pathways converge on caspase activation.
Q7. Which protein is a key regulator of apoptosis, often mutated in cancer?
A) p53
B) IL-6
C) NF-κB
D) STAT3
Answer: A – p53 can induce apoptosis when DNA damage is irreparable; loss leads to
survival of mutated cells.
Q8. Metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium from pseudostratified columnar to stratified
squamous in a smoker is:
, A) Irreversible
B) An increase in cell number
C) A reversible change in cell type
D) Disorganized growth
Answer: C – Metaplasia is a reversible adaptive substitution of one mature cell type for
another.
Q9. Barrett’s esophagus is an example of metaplasia from:
A) Squamous to columnar epithelium
B) Columnar to squamous
C) Transitional to squamous
D) Columnar to transitional
Answer: A – Chronic GERD causes the lower esophageal squamous epithelium to change
to intestinal columnar epithelium (Barrett’s).
Q10. Which type of cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
Inflammation, Immune Disorders, Neoplasia, Fluid & Electrolytes,
Acid-Base Balance COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR
Q1. A cell exposed to a toxin shows swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum,
and loss of plasma membrane integrity. This is most consistent with:
A) Apoptosis
B) Autophagy
C) Necrosis
D) Atrophy
Answer: C – Necrosis is characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and organelle
damage, while apoptosis is controlled cell death without membrane rupture.
Q2. A patient has a myocardial infarction. Which type of necrosis is most likely in the heart
tissue?
A) Liquefactive necrosis
B) Coagulative necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
,Answer: B – Coagulative necrosis occurs in most solid organs (heart, kidney, spleen) after
ischemic injury, with preservation of tissue architecture.
Q3. Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Pancreatitis
C) Cerebral infarction
D) Frostbite
Answer: C – The brain, rich in hydrolytic enzymes, undergoes liquefactive necrosis. Also
seen in abscesses.
Q4. A granuloma with central cheese-like material is seen in tuberculosis. This is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Caseous necrosis
C) Fat necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
Answer: B – Caseous necrosis is typical of TB; “cheese-like” material.
Q5. Saponification seen in acute pancreatitis is due to:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
,C) Fat necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
Answer: C – Lipases release fatty acids that complex with calcium, causing chalky white
areas (fat necrosis).
Q6. Apoptosis can be initiated via:
A) Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway
B) Extrinsic (death receptor) pathway
C) Both A and B
D) Only by p53 activation
Answer: C – Both pathways converge on caspase activation.
Q7. Which protein is a key regulator of apoptosis, often mutated in cancer?
A) p53
B) IL-6
C) NF-κB
D) STAT3
Answer: A – p53 can induce apoptosis when DNA damage is irreparable; loss leads to
survival of mutated cells.
Q8. Metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium from pseudostratified columnar to stratified
squamous in a smoker is:
, A) Irreversible
B) An increase in cell number
C) A reversible change in cell type
D) Disorganized growth
Answer: C – Metaplasia is a reversible adaptive substitution of one mature cell type for
another.
Q9. Barrett’s esophagus is an example of metaplasia from:
A) Squamous to columnar epithelium
B) Columnar to squamous
C) Transitional to squamous
D) Columnar to transitional
Answer: A – Chronic GERD causes the lower esophageal squamous epithelium to change
to intestinal columnar epithelium (Barrett’s).
Q10. Which type of cellular adaptation is an increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Dysplasia
