NSG 5003 FINAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM — 2026
EDITION (VERSION 1)
South University Advanced Pathophysiology (NSG5003)
Questions • ANSWER💕✔ + Rationale for Every
Option
.
WEEK 1 — CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS, CELL INJURY & CELL DEATH (Q1–30)
1. A decrease in the size of cells is termed:
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: atrophy is a decrease in cell size. B – Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. C –
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. D – Dysplasia is variable cell size/shape within a tissue.
2. An increase in cell size is called:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: hypertrophy = increase in cell size (e.g., muscle). B – Hyperplasia = increase in
number. C – Metaplasia = replacement of one mature cell type by another. D – Anaplasia =
undifferentiated cells.
3. An increase in the number of cells is:
A. Hyperplasia
,B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: hyperplasia = increase in cell number. B – Hypertrophy = larger cells, not more. C
– Atrophy = shrinkage of cells. D – Metaplasia = conversion to another mature cell type.
4. Replacement of a mature cell type by a different mature cell type is:
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Neoplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: metaplasia = mature cell replaced by another mature type (e.g., Barrett's
esophagus). B – Dysplasia = disordered variation in size/shape. C – Hyperplasia = more cells, same type.
D – Neoplasia = new growth/tumor.
5. Cells that vary in size and shape within a tissue describe:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: dysplasia = cells vary in size & shape. B – Metaplasia = orderly replacement by
another mature type. C – Hypertrophy = uniform enlargement. D – Anaplasia = complete lack of
differentiation.
6. Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cellular structure are:
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
,Rationale: A – Correct: anaplasia = undifferentiated, hallmark of malignancy. B – Dysplasia = abnormal
but still differentiated cells. C – Metaplasia = mature replacement cell type. D – Hyperplasia = increased
number of normal cells.
7. The term "neoplasm" means:
A. Tumor
B. Cyst
C. Scar
D. Ulcer
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: neoplasm = tumor, new uncontrolled growth. B – Cyst = fluid-filled sac, not
necessarily neoplastic. C – Scar = fibrous healing tissue. D – Ulcer = loss of surface epithelium.
8. Oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems is:
A. Ischemia
B. Hypoxia
C. Infarction
D. Anoxia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: ischemia = oxygen deficit from respiratory/circulatory problems. B – Hypoxia =
reduced oxygen in tissue (result). C – Infarction = area of necrosis from prolonged ischemia. D – Anoxia =
total absence of oxygen.
9. Reduced oxygen in tissue is termed:
A. Hypoxia
B. Ischemia
C. Hypercapnia
D. Hypoxemia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: hypoxia = reduced oxygen in tissue. B – Ischemia = reduced blood flow/oxygen
supply. C – Hypercapnia = excess CO2. D – Hypoxemia = low oxygen in arterial blood.
10. A direct cellular consequence of oxygen deficit is:
A. Failure of the Na⁺ pump with ↑ intracellular Na⁺
B. Increased ATP production
, C. Decreased intracellular sodium
D. Increased protein synthesis
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: ↓ energy production → Na pump fails → ↑ intracellular Na⁺ and swelling. B –
ATP falls, not rises. C – Na⁺ accumulates inside. D – Protein synthesis declines with energy loss.
11. Extreme temperature injures cells by:
A. Inactivating enzymes, damaging organelles, and coagulating proteins
B. Stimulating the Na⁺ pump
C. Increasing oxygen delivery
D. Strengthening the cell membrane
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: heat inactivates enzymes, damages organelles, coagulates proteins; cold disrupts
membranes. B – Pump fails with injury. C – Oxygen use is impaired, not improved. D – Membranes are
disrupted, not strengthened.
12. Abnormal metabolites that damage cells are caused by:
A. Genetic disorders or altered metabolism
B. Physical agents only
C. Exogenous chemicals only
D. Nutritional excess only
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: abnormal metabolites arise from genetic disorders/altered metabolism. B –
Physical agents are a separate category. C – Exogenous chemicals come from the environment. D –
Nutritional deficits, not just excess, are another category.
13. Programmed cell death controlled by genetics is:
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Liquefaction
D. Coagulation
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: apoptosis = programmed, genetically controlled death. B – Necrosis =
pathological lysis of cells. C – Liquefaction is a necrosis subtype. D – Coagulation is a necrosis subtype.
EDITION (VERSION 1)
South University Advanced Pathophysiology (NSG5003)
Questions • ANSWER💕✔ + Rationale for Every
Option
.
WEEK 1 — CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS, CELL INJURY & CELL DEATH (Q1–30)
1. A decrease in the size of cells is termed:
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: atrophy is a decrease in cell size. B – Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. C –
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. D – Dysplasia is variable cell size/shape within a tissue.
2. An increase in cell size is called:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: hypertrophy = increase in cell size (e.g., muscle). B – Hyperplasia = increase in
number. C – Metaplasia = replacement of one mature cell type by another. D – Anaplasia =
undifferentiated cells.
3. An increase in the number of cells is:
A. Hyperplasia
,B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: hyperplasia = increase in cell number. B – Hypertrophy = larger cells, not more. C
– Atrophy = shrinkage of cells. D – Metaplasia = conversion to another mature cell type.
4. Replacement of a mature cell type by a different mature cell type is:
A. Metaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Neoplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: metaplasia = mature cell replaced by another mature type (e.g., Barrett's
esophagus). B – Dysplasia = disordered variation in size/shape. C – Hyperplasia = more cells, same type.
D – Neoplasia = new growth/tumor.
5. Cells that vary in size and shape within a tissue describe:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: dysplasia = cells vary in size & shape. B – Metaplasia = orderly replacement by
another mature type. C – Hypertrophy = uniform enlargement. D – Anaplasia = complete lack of
differentiation.
6. Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cellular structure are:
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
ANSWER💕✔: A
,Rationale: A – Correct: anaplasia = undifferentiated, hallmark of malignancy. B – Dysplasia = abnormal
but still differentiated cells. C – Metaplasia = mature replacement cell type. D – Hyperplasia = increased
number of normal cells.
7. The term "neoplasm" means:
A. Tumor
B. Cyst
C. Scar
D. Ulcer
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: neoplasm = tumor, new uncontrolled growth. B – Cyst = fluid-filled sac, not
necessarily neoplastic. C – Scar = fibrous healing tissue. D – Ulcer = loss of surface epithelium.
8. Oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems is:
A. Ischemia
B. Hypoxia
C. Infarction
D. Anoxia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: ischemia = oxygen deficit from respiratory/circulatory problems. B – Hypoxia =
reduced oxygen in tissue (result). C – Infarction = area of necrosis from prolonged ischemia. D – Anoxia =
total absence of oxygen.
9. Reduced oxygen in tissue is termed:
A. Hypoxia
B. Ischemia
C. Hypercapnia
D. Hypoxemia
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: hypoxia = reduced oxygen in tissue. B – Ischemia = reduced blood flow/oxygen
supply. C – Hypercapnia = excess CO2. D – Hypoxemia = low oxygen in arterial blood.
10. A direct cellular consequence of oxygen deficit is:
A. Failure of the Na⁺ pump with ↑ intracellular Na⁺
B. Increased ATP production
, C. Decreased intracellular sodium
D. Increased protein synthesis
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: ↓ energy production → Na pump fails → ↑ intracellular Na⁺ and swelling. B –
ATP falls, not rises. C – Na⁺ accumulates inside. D – Protein synthesis declines with energy loss.
11. Extreme temperature injures cells by:
A. Inactivating enzymes, damaging organelles, and coagulating proteins
B. Stimulating the Na⁺ pump
C. Increasing oxygen delivery
D. Strengthening the cell membrane
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: heat inactivates enzymes, damages organelles, coagulates proteins; cold disrupts
membranes. B – Pump fails with injury. C – Oxygen use is impaired, not improved. D – Membranes are
disrupted, not strengthened.
12. Abnormal metabolites that damage cells are caused by:
A. Genetic disorders or altered metabolism
B. Physical agents only
C. Exogenous chemicals only
D. Nutritional excess only
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: abnormal metabolites arise from genetic disorders/altered metabolism. B –
Physical agents are a separate category. C – Exogenous chemicals come from the environment. D –
Nutritional deficits, not just excess, are another category.
13. Programmed cell death controlled by genetics is:
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Liquefaction
D. Coagulation
ANSWER💕✔: A
Rationale: A – Correct: apoptosis = programmed, genetically controlled death. B – Necrosis =
pathological lysis of cells. C – Liquefaction is a necrosis subtype. D – Coagulation is a necrosis subtype.
