NSG 5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE (VERSION 1) /
NSG5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG 5003
FINAL EXAM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE /
NSG5003 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GUIDE |
SOUTH UNIVERSITY
Cellular Biology, Injury, & Genetics
1. What is the purpose of administering ibuprofen to individuals being treated
for frostbite?
• A. Reduce inflammation by blocking histamine
• B. Promote vasodilation
• C. Inhibit prostaglandins
• D. Increase platelet aggregation
• Rationale: Ibuprofen inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, which reduces
inflammation and limits tissue damage in frostbite .
2. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms?
• A. Lysosomes
• B. Peroxisomes
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Golgi apparatus
• Rationale: Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct .
3. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
• A. Decreased production of reactive oxygen species
• B. Increased ATP production
• C. Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
, • D. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump
• Rationale: Damage to the mitochondrial membrane allows calcium to
enter, which disrupts the electron transport chain and stops ATP synthesis .
4. Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
• A. Random cell death causing significant inflammation
• B. Programmed death of scattered single cells
• C. Death of large groups of contiguous cells
• D. Uncontrolled cell death following severe injury
• Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process of single-
cell deletion that does not trigger an inflammatory response .
5. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the
cell?
• A. Increased membrane permeability to sodium
• B. ATP depletion disables the sodium-potassium pump
• C. Osmotic imbalance caused by protein damage
• D. A shift towards anaerobic metabolism
• Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump requires ATP. Without it, sodium
accumulates intracellularly, drawing water with it and causing cellular
swelling .
6. What is a primary effect of ionizing radiation exposure on cells?
• A. Increased protein synthesis
• B. Enhanced cellular metabolism
• C. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) aberrations
• D. Increased cell hydration
• Rationale: Ionizing radiation primarily causes damage by breaking DNA
strands and causing mutations .
,7. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
• A. Translocation error
• B. Mosaicism
• C. Nondisjunction error
• D. Chromosomal deletion
• Rationale: Nondisjunction during meiosis results in trisomy 21, the cause of
Down syndrome .
8. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released
during cell injury?
• A. Peroxisomes
• B. Lysosomes
• C. Ribosomes
• D. Proteasomes
• Rationale: Lysosomes contain potent hydrolytic enzymes; their rupture can
lead to autodigestion of the cell .
9. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
• A. Cells that have metastasized to distant sites
• B. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
• C. Cells that have invaded the basement membrane
• D. Cells that show significant anaplasia
• Rationale: Carcinoma in situ is a pre-invasive stage where abnormal cells
are confined to their site of origin .
10. Hypomethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result in:
• A. A decrease in cell proliferation
• B. An increase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
• C. Increased apoptosis
, • D. Tumor suppressor gene activation
• Rationale: Hypomethylation can activate oncogenes, promoting the
progression of tumors .
Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance
11. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration?
• A. Increased metabolism requires more water
• B. Adipose tissue holds little water because fat is water-repelling
• C. Obese individuals have increased sweating
• D. Obese individuals have a reduced thirst mechanism
• Rationale: Adipose tissue has a lower water content than lean tissue,
making obese individuals more susceptible to dehydration .
12. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water
between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
• A. Diffusion
• B. Active transport
• C. Hydrostatic pressure
• D. Filtration
• Rationale: Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure are the two key
forces that drive fluid movement across capillary membranes .
13. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which
pressure?
• A. Capillary hydrostatic
• B. Interstitial hydrostatic
• C. Capillary oncotic
• D. Interstitial oncotic
NSG5003 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE / NSG 5003
FINAL EXAM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE /
NSG5003 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GUIDE |
SOUTH UNIVERSITY
Cellular Biology, Injury, & Genetics
1. What is the purpose of administering ibuprofen to individuals being treated
for frostbite?
• A. Reduce inflammation by blocking histamine
• B. Promote vasodilation
• C. Inhibit prostaglandins
• D. Increase platelet aggregation
• Rationale: Ibuprofen inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, which reduces
inflammation and limits tissue damage in frostbite .
2. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by using
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms?
• A. Lysosomes
• B. Peroxisomes
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Golgi apparatus
• Rationale: Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct .
3. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
• A. Decreased production of reactive oxygen species
• B. Increased ATP production
• C. Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
, • D. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump
• Rationale: Damage to the mitochondrial membrane allows calcium to
enter, which disrupts the electron transport chain and stops ATP synthesis .
4. Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
• A. Random cell death causing significant inflammation
• B. Programmed death of scattered single cells
• C. Death of large groups of contiguous cells
• D. Uncontrolled cell death following severe injury
• Rationale: Apoptosis is a controlled, energy-dependent process of single-
cell deletion that does not trigger an inflammatory response .
5. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the
cell?
• A. Increased membrane permeability to sodium
• B. ATP depletion disables the sodium-potassium pump
• C. Osmotic imbalance caused by protein damage
• D. A shift towards anaerobic metabolism
• Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump requires ATP. Without it, sodium
accumulates intracellularly, drawing water with it and causing cellular
swelling .
6. What is a primary effect of ionizing radiation exposure on cells?
• A. Increased protein synthesis
• B. Enhanced cellular metabolism
• C. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) aberrations
• D. Increased cell hydration
• Rationale: Ionizing radiation primarily causes damage by breaking DNA
strands and causing mutations .
,7. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
• A. Translocation error
• B. Mosaicism
• C. Nondisjunction error
• D. Chromosomal deletion
• Rationale: Nondisjunction during meiosis results in trisomy 21, the cause of
Down syndrome .
8. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released
during cell injury?
• A. Peroxisomes
• B. Lysosomes
• C. Ribosomes
• D. Proteasomes
• Rationale: Lysosomes contain potent hydrolytic enzymes; their rupture can
lead to autodigestion of the cell .
9. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
• A. Cells that have metastasized to distant sites
• B. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
• C. Cells that have invaded the basement membrane
• D. Cells that show significant anaplasia
• Rationale: Carcinoma in situ is a pre-invasive stage where abnormal cells
are confined to their site of origin .
10. Hypomethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result in:
• A. A decrease in cell proliferation
• B. An increase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
• C. Increased apoptosis
, • D. Tumor suppressor gene activation
• Rationale: Hypomethylation can activate oncogenes, promoting the
progression of tumors .
Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance
11. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration?
• A. Increased metabolism requires more water
• B. Adipose tissue holds little water because fat is water-repelling
• C. Obese individuals have increased sweating
• D. Obese individuals have a reduced thirst mechanism
• Rationale: Adipose tissue has a lower water content than lean tissue,
making obese individuals more susceptible to dehydration .
12. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water
between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
• A. Diffusion
• B. Active transport
• C. Hydrostatic pressure
• D. Filtration
• Rationale: Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure are the two key
forces that drive fluid movement across capillary membranes .
13. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which
pressure?
• A. Capillary hydrostatic
• B. Interstitial hydrostatic
• C. Capillary oncotic
• D. Interstitial oncotic
