what is the mechanism of action of ketamine?
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the blockade of NMDA receptors which are excitatory CNS receptors. They
also inhibit GABA which causes CNS-overstimulation and stimulation of the
SNS outflow from the brain. They can also act on other CNS receptors and
they may stimulate sigma opioid receptors which can have adverse effects.
what is atracuriums main clinical use?
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prevent eye movement during surgery, fracture repair, endotracheal
intubation, mechanical ventilation.
,what us a safer alternative to atracurium?
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cisatracurium, less likely to cause the same adverse effects.
premedications may or may not include a _________
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anticholinergic to reduce respiratory secretions and salivation
what is the effect of a2 receptor stimulation?
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sedation, analgesia, hypotension, muscle relaxation, drop in O2 exchange
why is ketamine usually administered with another drug?
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to avoid the excitement phase and to avoid a rough recovery.
,Isoflurane
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most commonly used anesthetic, has almost no toxicity. It has a low
solubility so it exits the body fast. It has little depression on the cardiac
output. It does have dose-dependent depression on BP. It has a pungent
odour which is the only downside.
what are the side effects of a2-agonists?
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sympathetic outflow tracts from the brain inhibited which reduces
norepinephrine release peripherally, epinephrine induced arrhythmias and
skeletal muscle relaxation.
what is procaine
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known as novocain, it is cleaved by plasma esterases and has a short
duration of action.
Halothane
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, distributed all over the body, Cardiovascular effects include hypoxia,
increased CO2, hypotension, increases sensitivity of the myocardium to
epinephrine which can cause arrhythmias.
describe the mechanism of action of barbiturates
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bind to GABA receptors in the CNS which opens Cl- channels and inhibits
action potentials. They can activate the receptor without GABA which leads
to more intense depression and is overall more dangerous. They block
various cation channels (NMDA) or voltage-gated channels which further
suppress excitation
what is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
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they bind to receptors on the cytoplasmic surface of voltage-sensitive Na+
channels and block the pore so that Na+ cannot enter the cell
how is atracurium metabolized?
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in the blood by plasma esterases
Give this one a try later!
the blockade of NMDA receptors which are excitatory CNS receptors. They
also inhibit GABA which causes CNS-overstimulation and stimulation of the
SNS outflow from the brain. They can also act on other CNS receptors and
they may stimulate sigma opioid receptors which can have adverse effects.
what is atracuriums main clinical use?
Give this one a try later!
prevent eye movement during surgery, fracture repair, endotracheal
intubation, mechanical ventilation.
,what us a safer alternative to atracurium?
Give this one a try later!
cisatracurium, less likely to cause the same adverse effects.
premedications may or may not include a _________
Give this one a try later!
anticholinergic to reduce respiratory secretions and salivation
what is the effect of a2 receptor stimulation?
Give this one a try later!
sedation, analgesia, hypotension, muscle relaxation, drop in O2 exchange
why is ketamine usually administered with another drug?
Give this one a try later!
to avoid the excitement phase and to avoid a rough recovery.
,Isoflurane
Give this one a try later!
most commonly used anesthetic, has almost no toxicity. It has a low
solubility so it exits the body fast. It has little depression on the cardiac
output. It does have dose-dependent depression on BP. It has a pungent
odour which is the only downside.
what are the side effects of a2-agonists?
Give this one a try later!
sympathetic outflow tracts from the brain inhibited which reduces
norepinephrine release peripherally, epinephrine induced arrhythmias and
skeletal muscle relaxation.
what is procaine
Give this one a try later!
known as novocain, it is cleaved by plasma esterases and has a short
duration of action.
Halothane
Give this one a try later!
, distributed all over the body, Cardiovascular effects include hypoxia,
increased CO2, hypotension, increases sensitivity of the myocardium to
epinephrine which can cause arrhythmias.
describe the mechanism of action of barbiturates
Give this one a try later!
bind to GABA receptors in the CNS which opens Cl- channels and inhibits
action potentials. They can activate the receptor without GABA which leads
to more intense depression and is overall more dangerous. They block
various cation channels (NMDA) or voltage-gated channels which further
suppress excitation
what is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
Give this one a try later!
they bind to receptors on the cytoplasmic surface of voltage-sensitive Na+
channels and block the pore so that Na+ cannot enter the cell
how is atracurium metabolized?
Give this one a try later!
in the blood by plasma esterases
