NUR 529 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
EBP - Answers -making decisions in healthcare based on scientific dtata that has shown a specifc
way of managing disease, patient symptoms, and complatins,
integrations of individual clincal expertise with best externqal evidence from reasearch
prenatal care - Answers -give folic acid to prevent nueral tube defects
secondary prevention- - Answers -pap smear, screening (ask if they smoke), PE (bp
measurement, lab tests (cholesterol level, procedures (colosocopy)
period of vulnerablity - Answers -1st trimester- The embryo's development is most easily
disturbed during the period when differentiation and development of the organs are taking
place. This time interval, which is often referred to as the period of organogenesis, extends from
day 15 to day 60 after conception. Environmental influences during the first 2 weeks after
fertilization may interfere with implantation and result in abortion or early resorption of the
products of conception. Each organ has a critical period during which it is highly susceptible to
environmental derangements
genetics and congenital disorders- infectious agents TORCH - Answers -TORCH stands for
toxoplasmosis, other, rubella (i.e., German measles), cytomegalovirus, and herpes, which are
the agents most frequently implicated in fetal anomalies.21 Other infections that can cause fetal
1|Page
,anomalies include varicella-zoster virus infection, listeriosis, leptospirosis, Epstein-Barr virus
infection, tuberculosis, and syphilis
Folic acid deficiency - Answers -Although most birth defects are related to exposure to a
teratogenic agent, deficiencies of nutrients and vitamins also may be a factor. Folic acid
deficiency has been implicated in the development of neural tube defects (NTDs) (e.g.,
anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele).
recommended that all women of childbearing age receive 400 μg (0.4 mg) of folic acid daily and
then continue upon becoming pregnant.
x-linked recessive inheritance, who is affected - Answers -Sex-linked disorders are almost always
associated with the X chromosome, and the inheritance pattern is predominantly recessive.
Remember that the sex chromosomes for human females are XX and human males are XY.
Because of the presence of a normal X, female heterozygotes (carriers) rarely experience the
effects of a recessive defective gene, whereas all males who receive the gene are typically
affected as they only have the mutant copy.
The common pattern of inheritance in a family is one in which an unaffected mother is a carrier
of the mutant allele. She is not affected herself because she has one normal X that is dominant
over the mutant recessive X. Because she will contribute one of these two X chromosomes to
each of her offspring, she has a 50% chance of transmitting the mutant gene to her sons (who
only have one X and will be affected), and her daughters have a 50% chance of being carriers of
the mutant gene (who have two X chromosomes and so will not be affected because of the
presence of a normal X)
50& chance of givig to sons, 50% of daughter is carrier
2|Page
,next gen all daughters are carriers (affected male gives his only X which is affected) and all sons
are normal becasue they give thier Y which us noirmla
Marfans - Answers -Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of the connective
tissue, which gives shape and structure to other tissues in the body and holds them in place.
affects fibrillin I (component of microfibrils)
affects eyes, cardiovascular, skeletal system (bones/ joints)
most obvious features of the disorder, include a long, thin body with exceptionally long
extremities and long, tapering fingers,
most life threatening is cardiovascular
dissection of aortia may lead to premature death
Treatment plans include echocardiograms and electrocardiograms to assess the status of the
cardiovascular system, periodic eye examinations, and evaluation of the skeletal system,
especially in children and adolescents.
The stress response Acute effects - Answers -The reactions to acute stress are those associated
with the ANS, the fight-or-flight response. The manifestations of the stress response—a
pounding headache; a cold, moist skin; and a stiff neck—are all part of the acute stress
response. Centrally, there is facilitation of neural pathways mediating arousal, alertness,
vigilance, cognition, and focused attention, as well as appropriate aggression. The acute stress
response can result from either psychologically or physiologically threatening events. In
3|Page
, situations of life-threatening trauma, these acute responses may be lifesaving in that they divert
blood from less essential to more essential body functions. Increased alertness and cognitive
functioning enable rapid processing of information and arrival at the most appropriate solution
to the threatening situation.
However, for people with limited coping abilities, either because of physical or mental health,
the acute stress response may be detrimental (Chart 7.1). This is true of people with preexisting
heart disease in whom the overwhelming sympathetic behaviors associated with the stress
response can lead to arrhythmias. For people with other chronic health problems, such as
headache disorder, acute stress may precipitate a recurrence. In healthy people, the acute
stress response can redirect attention from behaviors that promote health, such as attention to
proper meals and getting adequate sleep. For those with health problems, it can interrupt
compliance with medication regimens and exercise programs. In some situations, the acute
arousal state actually can be life-threatening, physically immobilizing the person when
movement would avert catastrophe (e.g., moving out of the way of a speeding car).
effeects of chronic stress - Answers -The stress response is designed to be an acute self-limited
response in which activation of the ANS and the HPA axis is controlled in a negative feedback
manner. As with all negative feedback systems, pathophysiologic changes can occur in the stress
response system. Function can be altered in several ways, including when a component of the
system fails; when the neural and hormonal connections among the components of the system
are dysfunctional; and when the original stimulus for the activation of the system is prolonged
or of such magnitude that it overwhelms the ability of the system to respond appropriately. In
these cases, the system may become overactive or underactive.
Chronicity and excessive activation of the stress response can result from chronic illnesses as
well as contribute to the development of long-term health problems. Chronic activation of the
stress response is an important public health issue from both a health and a cost perspective.
Stress is linked to a myriad of health disorders, such as diseases of the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, immune, and neurologic systems, as well as depression, chronic alcoholism and
drug abuse, eating disorders, accidents, and suicide.
4|Page
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
EBP - Answers -making decisions in healthcare based on scientific dtata that has shown a specifc
way of managing disease, patient symptoms, and complatins,
integrations of individual clincal expertise with best externqal evidence from reasearch
prenatal care - Answers -give folic acid to prevent nueral tube defects
secondary prevention- - Answers -pap smear, screening (ask if they smoke), PE (bp
measurement, lab tests (cholesterol level, procedures (colosocopy)
period of vulnerablity - Answers -1st trimester- The embryo's development is most easily
disturbed during the period when differentiation and development of the organs are taking
place. This time interval, which is often referred to as the period of organogenesis, extends from
day 15 to day 60 after conception. Environmental influences during the first 2 weeks after
fertilization may interfere with implantation and result in abortion or early resorption of the
products of conception. Each organ has a critical period during which it is highly susceptible to
environmental derangements
genetics and congenital disorders- infectious agents TORCH - Answers -TORCH stands for
toxoplasmosis, other, rubella (i.e., German measles), cytomegalovirus, and herpes, which are
the agents most frequently implicated in fetal anomalies.21 Other infections that can cause fetal
1|Page
,anomalies include varicella-zoster virus infection, listeriosis, leptospirosis, Epstein-Barr virus
infection, tuberculosis, and syphilis
Folic acid deficiency - Answers -Although most birth defects are related to exposure to a
teratogenic agent, deficiencies of nutrients and vitamins also may be a factor. Folic acid
deficiency has been implicated in the development of neural tube defects (NTDs) (e.g.,
anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele).
recommended that all women of childbearing age receive 400 μg (0.4 mg) of folic acid daily and
then continue upon becoming pregnant.
x-linked recessive inheritance, who is affected - Answers -Sex-linked disorders are almost always
associated with the X chromosome, and the inheritance pattern is predominantly recessive.
Remember that the sex chromosomes for human females are XX and human males are XY.
Because of the presence of a normal X, female heterozygotes (carriers) rarely experience the
effects of a recessive defective gene, whereas all males who receive the gene are typically
affected as they only have the mutant copy.
The common pattern of inheritance in a family is one in which an unaffected mother is a carrier
of the mutant allele. She is not affected herself because she has one normal X that is dominant
over the mutant recessive X. Because she will contribute one of these two X chromosomes to
each of her offspring, she has a 50% chance of transmitting the mutant gene to her sons (who
only have one X and will be affected), and her daughters have a 50% chance of being carriers of
the mutant gene (who have two X chromosomes and so will not be affected because of the
presence of a normal X)
50& chance of givig to sons, 50% of daughter is carrier
2|Page
,next gen all daughters are carriers (affected male gives his only X which is affected) and all sons
are normal becasue they give thier Y which us noirmla
Marfans - Answers -Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of the connective
tissue, which gives shape and structure to other tissues in the body and holds them in place.
affects fibrillin I (component of microfibrils)
affects eyes, cardiovascular, skeletal system (bones/ joints)
most obvious features of the disorder, include a long, thin body with exceptionally long
extremities and long, tapering fingers,
most life threatening is cardiovascular
dissection of aortia may lead to premature death
Treatment plans include echocardiograms and electrocardiograms to assess the status of the
cardiovascular system, periodic eye examinations, and evaluation of the skeletal system,
especially in children and adolescents.
The stress response Acute effects - Answers -The reactions to acute stress are those associated
with the ANS, the fight-or-flight response. The manifestations of the stress response—a
pounding headache; a cold, moist skin; and a stiff neck—are all part of the acute stress
response. Centrally, there is facilitation of neural pathways mediating arousal, alertness,
vigilance, cognition, and focused attention, as well as appropriate aggression. The acute stress
response can result from either psychologically or physiologically threatening events. In
3|Page
, situations of life-threatening trauma, these acute responses may be lifesaving in that they divert
blood from less essential to more essential body functions. Increased alertness and cognitive
functioning enable rapid processing of information and arrival at the most appropriate solution
to the threatening situation.
However, for people with limited coping abilities, either because of physical or mental health,
the acute stress response may be detrimental (Chart 7.1). This is true of people with preexisting
heart disease in whom the overwhelming sympathetic behaviors associated with the stress
response can lead to arrhythmias. For people with other chronic health problems, such as
headache disorder, acute stress may precipitate a recurrence. In healthy people, the acute
stress response can redirect attention from behaviors that promote health, such as attention to
proper meals and getting adequate sleep. For those with health problems, it can interrupt
compliance with medication regimens and exercise programs. In some situations, the acute
arousal state actually can be life-threatening, physically immobilizing the person when
movement would avert catastrophe (e.g., moving out of the way of a speeding car).
effeects of chronic stress - Answers -The stress response is designed to be an acute self-limited
response in which activation of the ANS and the HPA axis is controlled in a negative feedback
manner. As with all negative feedback systems, pathophysiologic changes can occur in the stress
response system. Function can be altered in several ways, including when a component of the
system fails; when the neural and hormonal connections among the components of the system
are dysfunctional; and when the original stimulus for the activation of the system is prolonged
or of such magnitude that it overwhelms the ability of the system to respond appropriately. In
these cases, the system may become overactive or underactive.
Chronicity and excessive activation of the stress response can result from chronic illnesses as
well as contribute to the development of long-term health problems. Chronic activation of the
stress response is an important public health issue from both a health and a cost perspective.
Stress is linked to a myriad of health disorders, such as diseases of the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, immune, and neurologic systems, as well as depression, chronic alcoholism and
drug abuse, eating disorders, accidents, and suicide.
4|Page
