PATHO 370 CH. 27, 28, 29, 31, 33 EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2026
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the
cystic process destroys more nephrons.At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal
disease?
A) Greater than 15%
B) Greater than 25% nephron loss
C) Greater than 50% nephron loss
D) Greater than 90% nephron loss - Answers -D) Greater than 90% nephron loss
At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema,
congestive signs in the pulmonary system, and a pericardial friction rub. Appropriate therapy at
this time would include
A) initiation of dialysis.
B) fluid restriction.
C) antibiotics.
D) phlebotomy. - Answers -A) initiation of dialysis.
The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.
A) glomerular
B) tubular
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,C) interstitial
D) vascular - Answers -B) tubular
One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is
A) ischemic conditions.
B) cytotoxic agents.
C) immune reaction.
D) prolonged postrenal kidney injury. - Answers -A) ischemic conditions.
The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in the United States is
A) hypotension.
B) hypovolemia.
C) renal artery stenosis.
D) sepsis - Answers -D) sepsis
The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis
(ATN)in hospitalized patients is
A) contrast media.
B) antibiotics.
C) cancer chemotherapy.
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,D) recreational drugs. - Answers -A) contrast media.
The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is highest in
A) a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.
B) a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery.
C) a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections.
D) a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis. - Answers -A) a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.
If acute tubular necrosis (ATN)does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the
patient will then experience
A) oliguria and sodium retention.
B) infections and sepsis.
C) magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine.
D) polyuria and sodium wasting. - Answers -D) polyuria and sodium wasting.
One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is
A) hypertension.
B) glomerulonephritis.
C) chronic pyelonephritis.
D) polycystic kidney disease. - Answers -A) hypertension.
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, The patient most at risk for post-renal acute kidney injury is a(n)
A) elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate.
B) middle-aged woman with bladder infection.
C) young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction.
D) patient who has both hypertension and diabetes. - Answers -A) elderly patient with
hypertrophy of the prostate.
The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is
A) proteinuria.
B) oliguria.
C) hematuria.
D) diuresis. - Answers -B) oliguria.
A primary laboratory finding in end-stage chronic renal disease is
A) decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
B) decreased serum sodium.
C) metabolic alkalosis.
D) increased serum creatinine. - Answers -D) increased serum creatinine.
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UPDATED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the
cystic process destroys more nephrons.At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal
disease?
A) Greater than 15%
B) Greater than 25% nephron loss
C) Greater than 50% nephron loss
D) Greater than 90% nephron loss - Answers -D) Greater than 90% nephron loss
At his most recent clinic visit, a patient with end-stage renal disease is noted to have edema,
congestive signs in the pulmonary system, and a pericardial friction rub. Appropriate therapy at
this time would include
A) initiation of dialysis.
B) fluid restriction.
C) antibiotics.
D) phlebotomy. - Answers -A) initiation of dialysis.
The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.
A) glomerular
B) tubular
1|Page
,C) interstitial
D) vascular - Answers -B) tubular
One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is
A) ischemic conditions.
B) cytotoxic agents.
C) immune reaction.
D) prolonged postrenal kidney injury. - Answers -A) ischemic conditions.
The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in the United States is
A) hypotension.
B) hypovolemia.
C) renal artery stenosis.
D) sepsis - Answers -D) sepsis
The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis
(ATN)in hospitalized patients is
A) contrast media.
B) antibiotics.
C) cancer chemotherapy.
2|Page
,D) recreational drugs. - Answers -A) contrast media.
The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is highest in
A) a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.
B) a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery.
C) a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections.
D) a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis. - Answers -A) a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.
If acute tubular necrosis (ATN)does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the
patient will then experience
A) oliguria and sodium retention.
B) infections and sepsis.
C) magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine.
D) polyuria and sodium wasting. - Answers -D) polyuria and sodium wasting.
One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is
A) hypertension.
B) glomerulonephritis.
C) chronic pyelonephritis.
D) polycystic kidney disease. - Answers -A) hypertension.
3|Page
, The patient most at risk for post-renal acute kidney injury is a(n)
A) elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate.
B) middle-aged woman with bladder infection.
C) young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction.
D) patient who has both hypertension and diabetes. - Answers -A) elderly patient with
hypertrophy of the prostate.
The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is
A) proteinuria.
B) oliguria.
C) hematuria.
D) diuresis. - Answers -B) oliguria.
A primary laboratory finding in end-stage chronic renal disease is
A) decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
B) decreased serum sodium.
C) metabolic alkalosis.
D) increased serum creatinine. - Answers -D) increased serum creatinine.
4|Page
