Two divisions of inflammation Acute and chronic
Allows inflammatory cells, plasma proteins Inflammation
(complement), and fluid to exit blood vessels and
enter interstitial space
Goal of inflammation Take what's in the blood vessels and put it in the interstitial space
What characterizes acute inflammation (two things) Neutrophils and edema
What two things cause acute inflammation Infection and necrosis
Is acute inflammation specific or non-specific? Non-specific (does not attack a specific antigen)
Why does a patients white count increase after an MI Acute inflammation after infarction
Neutrophils mechanism of killing Eat substances then destroy what they eat
What do toll-like receptors recognize? PAMPs (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)
,Where are TLRs located? Cells of innate immune system (macrophages and dendritic cells)
What do PAMPs activate? Toll-like receptors on the cells of innate immune system
What immune system are TLRs associated with? Innate immune system; also adaptive immune system (lymphocytes); plays a
role in acute and chronic inflammation
Lipopolysaccharide PAMP on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria that is recognized
by CD14 (coreceptor for TLR4) on macrophages
What does TLR activation do? Upregulation of NK-kB (nuclear transcription factor that activates immune
response genes and leads to production of immune mediators)
CD14 TLR4 co-receptor on macrophages that recognizes LPS
What recognizes LPS CD14 (coreceptor for TLR4 on macrophages)
NF-KB: what is it, what activates it, and what does it do Nuclear transcription factor activated by TLR activation. It activates
transcription of immune mediators
,Innate immunity overview -Broad, non-specific
-Epithelium, mucus secreted by cells, complement system, mast cells,
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Adaptive immunity overview -Specific, but takes a while to be activated
-Lymphocytes, which have TCRs and produces abs. against very specific
targets
Phospholipase A2 Releases arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane
What are the two enzymes that act on arachidonic Cyclooxygenase (produces prostaglandins) or 5-lipoxygenase (produces
acid leukotrienes)
Name the three prostaglandins PGI2, PGD2, PGE2
What do PGI2, PGD2, and PGE2 do? Mediate vasodilation at the arteriole and increased vascular permeability at
the post-capillary venule
Which prostaglandin mediates pain and fever? PGE2
, What does PGE2 do (four functions) Increased vascular permeability, increase vasodilation, mediates fever,
mediates pain
Name the four leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
What does LTB4 do? Attracts and activates neutrophils
What do LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 do? Mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular
permeability by contracting pericytes
Pericytes Located under the endothelial cells; they have smooth muscle, so when they
contract, there is room for fluid to leak from the vessel; Leukotrienes contract
pericytes to cause increased vessel permeability (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
Name the four mediators that attract and activate 1. LTB4
neutrophils 2. C5a
3. IL-8
4. Bacterial products
Where are mast cells located? Widely distributed in connective tissue
Allows inflammatory cells, plasma proteins Inflammation
(complement), and fluid to exit blood vessels and
enter interstitial space
Goal of inflammation Take what's in the blood vessels and put it in the interstitial space
What characterizes acute inflammation (two things) Neutrophils and edema
What two things cause acute inflammation Infection and necrosis
Is acute inflammation specific or non-specific? Non-specific (does not attack a specific antigen)
Why does a patients white count increase after an MI Acute inflammation after infarction
Neutrophils mechanism of killing Eat substances then destroy what they eat
What do toll-like receptors recognize? PAMPs (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)
,Where are TLRs located? Cells of innate immune system (macrophages and dendritic cells)
What do PAMPs activate? Toll-like receptors on the cells of innate immune system
What immune system are TLRs associated with? Innate immune system; also adaptive immune system (lymphocytes); plays a
role in acute and chronic inflammation
Lipopolysaccharide PAMP on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria that is recognized
by CD14 (coreceptor for TLR4) on macrophages
What does TLR activation do? Upregulation of NK-kB (nuclear transcription factor that activates immune
response genes and leads to production of immune mediators)
CD14 TLR4 co-receptor on macrophages that recognizes LPS
What recognizes LPS CD14 (coreceptor for TLR4 on macrophages)
NF-KB: what is it, what activates it, and what does it do Nuclear transcription factor activated by TLR activation. It activates
transcription of immune mediators
,Innate immunity overview -Broad, non-specific
-Epithelium, mucus secreted by cells, complement system, mast cells,
macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Adaptive immunity overview -Specific, but takes a while to be activated
-Lymphocytes, which have TCRs and produces abs. against very specific
targets
Phospholipase A2 Releases arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane
What are the two enzymes that act on arachidonic Cyclooxygenase (produces prostaglandins) or 5-lipoxygenase (produces
acid leukotrienes)
Name the three prostaglandins PGI2, PGD2, PGE2
What do PGI2, PGD2, and PGE2 do? Mediate vasodilation at the arteriole and increased vascular permeability at
the post-capillary venule
Which prostaglandin mediates pain and fever? PGE2
, What does PGE2 do (four functions) Increased vascular permeability, increase vasodilation, mediates fever,
mediates pain
Name the four leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
What does LTB4 do? Attracts and activates neutrophils
What do LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 do? Mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular
permeability by contracting pericytes
Pericytes Located under the endothelial cells; they have smooth muscle, so when they
contract, there is room for fluid to leak from the vessel; Leukotrienes contract
pericytes to cause increased vessel permeability (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
Name the four mediators that attract and activate 1. LTB4
neutrophils 2. C5a
3. IL-8
4. Bacterial products
Where are mast cells located? Widely distributed in connective tissue
