BMS 300 EXAM 4 [2026/2027] |NEWEST ACTUAL UPDATED
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWER |
VERIFIED//FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS
cooperative
the relationship of O2 and Fe on hemoglobin that the binding of
the first molecule of O2 increases the probability that a second
molecule of O2 will bind and so forth until each Fe atom in
each of the four globin chains contains a molecule of O2.
hemoglobin
The molecule in erythrocytes that binds O2 is ____________.
- oxygenated when each of its four molecules has a molecule
of O2 attached.
-reduced or deoxygenated when the O2 leaves the Fe atoms.
-composed of four protein submits each with an O2-carrying
Fe
CO2
___ is carried to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate HCO3-
which is facilitated by carbonic anhydrase H2CO3
motor neurons, CO2, pH, CO2, carbonic acid
-breathing requires rhythmic activity of ________________ that
drive the diaphragm.
Page 1 of 46
,-The stimulus for increased breathing rate is mostly from the
effects of ___________.
-The effects of increased arterial PCO2 are indirect and
function through changes in _____.
-Because _____ is freely diffusible it easily leave the blood, and
pass into the brain.
-In the brain CO2 forms ___________ and yields an increase in
the H+ concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid.
diaphragm, CO2, action potential
-The breathing rhythm is controlled by the waxing and waning
of activity in the motor neurons that cause muscle contraction
in the _____________.
-The rate at which this activity cycles is largely regulated by
the amount of ________ that dissolves in the cerebral spinal
fluid and the interstitial fluid in the brain.
-A group of neurons in the brain stem located within a few
millimeters of the surface are sensitive to increases in H+ ion
concentrations. These neurons respond to increased H+ by
increasing their rate of ___________________ generation.
respiratory, peripheral chemosensory, PCO2
-The neurons sensitive to increases in H+ cause motor
neurons in the brain stem that activate the diaphragm to
become active.
Page 2 of 46
,-These centrally located sensors that monitor pH are the
major contributors to changes in ___________ rate.
-The __________________ neurons are located in the carotid and
aortic bodies. These neurons are sensitive to changes in
arterial O2 and CO2. Their contribution to changes in
respiratory rate are small compared to the effects of the
central receptors.
-Changes in arterial PO2 can effect respiratory rate and tidal
volume, but arterial PO2 levels must fall below 60 mm of Hg
before these changes have a significant effect on respiration
rate.
-The peripheral chemosensors are far more sensitive to
changes in ________ than to changes in PO2. However, the
major driving force for changes in respiratory rate is the
change in pH that is sensed by neurons in the medulla.
Respiratory System
1. Gas Exchange
2. pH regulation of blood
BOHR effect
the role of co2 in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for o2.
Concentration gradients
Page 3 of 46
, Biological membranes have the capacity to separate ions and
produce _________________. Although the membranes
themselves are relatively impervious to ionic movement,
transmembrane proteins called ion channels provide ion
specific pathways that permit the movement of ions across the
membrane.
Osmosis
_________ is the movement of water from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
Diffusion
___________ is the movement of small molecules, especially
ions, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration.
Fe
In regions where partial pressures of O2 are high, O2 enters
the blood stream by binding to ___ on hemoglobin
Carbonic Anhydrase
Page 4 of 46
ACTUAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWER |
VERIFIED//FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS
cooperative
the relationship of O2 and Fe on hemoglobin that the binding of
the first molecule of O2 increases the probability that a second
molecule of O2 will bind and so forth until each Fe atom in
each of the four globin chains contains a molecule of O2.
hemoglobin
The molecule in erythrocytes that binds O2 is ____________.
- oxygenated when each of its four molecules has a molecule
of O2 attached.
-reduced or deoxygenated when the O2 leaves the Fe atoms.
-composed of four protein submits each with an O2-carrying
Fe
CO2
___ is carried to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate HCO3-
which is facilitated by carbonic anhydrase H2CO3
motor neurons, CO2, pH, CO2, carbonic acid
-breathing requires rhythmic activity of ________________ that
drive the diaphragm.
Page 1 of 46
,-The stimulus for increased breathing rate is mostly from the
effects of ___________.
-The effects of increased arterial PCO2 are indirect and
function through changes in _____.
-Because _____ is freely diffusible it easily leave the blood, and
pass into the brain.
-In the brain CO2 forms ___________ and yields an increase in
the H+ concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid.
diaphragm, CO2, action potential
-The breathing rhythm is controlled by the waxing and waning
of activity in the motor neurons that cause muscle contraction
in the _____________.
-The rate at which this activity cycles is largely regulated by
the amount of ________ that dissolves in the cerebral spinal
fluid and the interstitial fluid in the brain.
-A group of neurons in the brain stem located within a few
millimeters of the surface are sensitive to increases in H+ ion
concentrations. These neurons respond to increased H+ by
increasing their rate of ___________________ generation.
respiratory, peripheral chemosensory, PCO2
-The neurons sensitive to increases in H+ cause motor
neurons in the brain stem that activate the diaphragm to
become active.
Page 2 of 46
,-These centrally located sensors that monitor pH are the
major contributors to changes in ___________ rate.
-The __________________ neurons are located in the carotid and
aortic bodies. These neurons are sensitive to changes in
arterial O2 and CO2. Their contribution to changes in
respiratory rate are small compared to the effects of the
central receptors.
-Changes in arterial PO2 can effect respiratory rate and tidal
volume, but arterial PO2 levels must fall below 60 mm of Hg
before these changes have a significant effect on respiration
rate.
-The peripheral chemosensors are far more sensitive to
changes in ________ than to changes in PO2. However, the
major driving force for changes in respiratory rate is the
change in pH that is sensed by neurons in the medulla.
Respiratory System
1. Gas Exchange
2. pH regulation of blood
BOHR effect
the role of co2 in reducing the affinity of hemoglobin for o2.
Concentration gradients
Page 3 of 46
, Biological membranes have the capacity to separate ions and
produce _________________. Although the membranes
themselves are relatively impervious to ionic movement,
transmembrane proteins called ion channels provide ion
specific pathways that permit the movement of ions across the
membrane.
Osmosis
_________ is the movement of water from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
Diffusion
___________ is the movement of small molecules, especially
ions, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration.
Fe
In regions where partial pressures of O2 are high, O2 enters
the blood stream by binding to ___ on hemoglobin
Carbonic Anhydrase
Page 4 of 46
