Carbohydrates l gle Proteins dipeptide=2 amino acids polypeptide:more than 2 amino
acids
monomer-amino acid
monomer-alpha glucose carbon CH20H H=0
I
monosaccharide 1 alpha glucose
-
can o R
variable
40 - H
H 4
region
I
"
disaccharide alpha glucose H 0
=O
W
2
I
-
I =
-
H Carboxyl p
dipeptide
amino
polysaccharide glucose -
more than 2 alpha end N -
C C end
- -
-
N -
c -
c
4
H
carbon ⑧ Carbon I
↓ i
-
H
t
-
made hydrogent oxygen
of carbon, OH H
I OH peptide OH
·
bond
Isomers same formula, different structure HO OH
Carbon 3
-
· & carbon 2
↳
eg. alpha and beta glucose are isomers
hexose H 0H
primary- tertiary.
sedar. aernary
sugar 6 carbons glucose, galactose, fructose
- -
pentose sugar 5 carbons ribose beta() 9lucose the sequence folded/coiled folded secondary 2
tertiary
·
·
more
-
-
or
we nee
structure
-maride of amino
primary acids structure structures joined together
CHOM
glucose + fructose sucrose CH20H in
polypeptide G alpha helix held by hydrogen by cishene bridge to
·
CHOM =
carbon a a
-"I
H H
-
0 M
↳ determined
H= 0
↑ In W B galactose
glucoset lactose
=
H
carbon 0 by 01 bonds, disulphide form a single protein
H
maltose OH sequence Mbeta pleated sheet
DNA bridgestionic bonds molecule
glucose glucose
W
0H
+ =
See
OH 0
H ·3D shape
on Or
glycosidic
bond on on carbon 4 ⑧ Carbon I hydrogen made
-> bonds
OH H
non-reducing sugars reducing sugars HO H
-
1.2cm test
solution 1. add 2cm3 test solution ·
Carbon 3
& carbon 2
--
2. add 1cm of HCI 2. add 2cm benedict's
3heat Amin water bath 3. heatin water bath-85°-2 minH 0H Biological molecules
for in a
conjugated protein -
4neutralise with NaHCO, powder result red colour/precipitate globular protein with haemoglobin insulin
enzyme
esterification
-
monomer-building block
starch
I
indicator paper to testpr transportOz
juse
prosthetic group spherical, soluble 4 haem' prosthetic
- >
a ·
T
- condensation reaction-binds
reaction
monomers
add 2cm Benedict's reagent 1. add lamb starch solution fibrous ·4 groups,
reaction-breaks bonds
-
polypeptides precise shape-receptors catalyses
I place in waterbath for 2 mins 2. add lcm iodine solution
hydrolysis for structure
·
2 alpha helix, 2 hormone-goates reactions
between monomers beta pleated sheets
Iresult -
red colour/precipitate I result-blue/ black colour
globular collagen herahin glucose elastin
two monomers-dimers
-
STARCH CELLULOSE-B glucose spherical, flexible, rope-like Strength strengthelasticity
-respiration
· ·
·
amylose-stores a glucose strengthens cell walls
-
Water Hydrogen Lipids biological in hairtrails for shir
in plants Ebonds connective
->
- roles
unbranched, straight chain- polar-areas of positive monomer-fatty acid tissue-shin. Strongt
E
I-4 ·tonoclastic
bonds, unbranched, I
+tendons
coiled, soluble, compact insoluble, high tensile and
negative charge insoluble Biuret test
-
0 n ·heal
amylopectin-stores glucose in plants strength, flexible, slightly r saturated single bonds sounds 2cm of ethanol
-
a add
1 -
1 4 + 1-6 bonds, branched,insoluble, unreactive H-
positively c -c -c unsaturated I double bond add 1 cm of sample
- -
t
charged -
4
GLYCOGEN See compact I Om
i polyunsaturated- more than I double bond I result
purple/
-
stores glucose for respiration slightly ester bonds Lilac colour
hydrogen glycerol tryglyceride
io
in animals, a glucose negative charge ↑
·
O H H
E
1-4 1-6 bonds +
exe H bonds with I
ele
bonds H ⑧ c c- H saturated
hydrogen 3 fatty C ->
H acid
-
very branch d,
- - - -
form
el ·
Oxygen
·
I I
I H
glycerol broken
H
compact, between molecules giving water properties H I unsaturated
many
·
c OH dowrchty
-
glucose H H
-
->
C C = c
-
- - - -
insoluble, H heat of
latent I
·
fast energy source storedsat in
i he
Livert
large de -------- hydrogen bonds H C 0H
large energy store ↑
-
evaporation high
-
cells
- ·
-
conductors H 0 c R straightchain of
-
- -
C ->
I poor
- -
-
needed to insulation, buoyancy
i carbon t hydrogens
·
more
energy
·
cohesion tension 0H custions
stic ↳ Less
H
surface break bonds 4 protection than
---
-
H
-
I
dense water
·
stick to eachother 1
8 ·allows water to resistexternal forces
↳
eg.water evaporates weak
hydrogen bonds allow
lightinsects to travel phospholipids Phospholipid
outside cell
and nextmolecule is on the surface of water aren't
but
strong enough to
Bilayer - hydrophillic
-> capillary
I ⑧888
e
pulled up -> action larger/heavier
support species phosphate
11 1 1 1 1 1
heads outside
Less dense tails Interactwith
adhesion universal solvent stability + coolant as ice
I glycerol
-
non-polar I ↳
stick to other dissolves many constantenvironment water
4-hydrogen hydrophobic hydrophobic(((((( water
↳
·
and
88888
substances Liquids for chemical protects ponds + bonds molecules further ·head-polar and rails inside
six
saturated
acid &
hydrophice ↳ don'tinteractinside cell
water sticks Lakes by freezing apart unsaturated layers of
-
eg. reactions
·
satte
to xylem walls ·
transportdissolved on top
·
giant, rigid, open structure with water Csolution phospholipids
↳
sightgravity compounds
cellS
intoutof insulating ·causes
water
to float
it on containing water)
acids
monomer-amino acid
monomer-alpha glucose carbon CH20H H=0
I
monosaccharide 1 alpha glucose
-
can o R
variable
40 - H
H 4
region
I
"
disaccharide alpha glucose H 0
=O
W
2
I
-
I =
-
H Carboxyl p
dipeptide
amino
polysaccharide glucose -
more than 2 alpha end N -
C C end
- -
-
N -
c -
c
4
H
carbon ⑧ Carbon I
↓ i
-
H
t
-
made hydrogent oxygen
of carbon, OH H
I OH peptide OH
·
bond
Isomers same formula, different structure HO OH
Carbon 3
-
· & carbon 2
↳
eg. alpha and beta glucose are isomers
hexose H 0H
primary- tertiary.
sedar. aernary
sugar 6 carbons glucose, galactose, fructose
- -
pentose sugar 5 carbons ribose beta() 9lucose the sequence folded/coiled folded secondary 2
tertiary
·
·
more
-
-
or
we nee
structure
-maride of amino
primary acids structure structures joined together
CHOM
glucose + fructose sucrose CH20H in
polypeptide G alpha helix held by hydrogen by cishene bridge to
·
CHOM =
carbon a a
-"I
H H
-
0 M
↳ determined
H= 0
↑ In W B galactose
glucoset lactose
=
H
carbon 0 by 01 bonds, disulphide form a single protein
H
maltose OH sequence Mbeta pleated sheet
DNA bridgestionic bonds molecule
glucose glucose
W
0H
+ =
See
OH 0
H ·3D shape
on Or
glycosidic
bond on on carbon 4 ⑧ Carbon I hydrogen made
-> bonds
OH H
non-reducing sugars reducing sugars HO H
-
1.2cm test
solution 1. add 2cm3 test solution ·
Carbon 3
& carbon 2
--
2. add 1cm of HCI 2. add 2cm benedict's
3heat Amin water bath 3. heatin water bath-85°-2 minH 0H Biological molecules
for in a
conjugated protein -
4neutralise with NaHCO, powder result red colour/precipitate globular protein with haemoglobin insulin
enzyme
esterification
-
monomer-building block
starch
I
indicator paper to testpr transportOz
juse
prosthetic group spherical, soluble 4 haem' prosthetic
- >
a ·
T
- condensation reaction-binds
reaction
monomers
add 2cm Benedict's reagent 1. add lamb starch solution fibrous ·4 groups,
reaction-breaks bonds
-
polypeptides precise shape-receptors catalyses
I place in waterbath for 2 mins 2. add lcm iodine solution
hydrolysis for structure
·
2 alpha helix, 2 hormone-goates reactions
between monomers beta pleated sheets
Iresult -
red colour/precipitate I result-blue/ black colour
globular collagen herahin glucose elastin
two monomers-dimers
-
STARCH CELLULOSE-B glucose spherical, flexible, rope-like Strength strengthelasticity
-respiration
· ·
·
amylose-stores a glucose strengthens cell walls
-
Water Hydrogen Lipids biological in hairtrails for shir
in plants Ebonds connective
->
- roles
unbranched, straight chain- polar-areas of positive monomer-fatty acid tissue-shin. Strongt
E
I-4 ·tonoclastic
bonds, unbranched, I
+tendons
coiled, soluble, compact insoluble, high tensile and
negative charge insoluble Biuret test
-
0 n ·heal
amylopectin-stores glucose in plants strength, flexible, slightly r saturated single bonds sounds 2cm of ethanol
-
a add
1 -
1 4 + 1-6 bonds, branched,insoluble, unreactive H-
positively c -c -c unsaturated I double bond add 1 cm of sample
- -
t
charged -
4
GLYCOGEN See compact I Om
i polyunsaturated- more than I double bond I result
purple/
-
stores glucose for respiration slightly ester bonds Lilac colour
hydrogen glycerol tryglyceride
io
in animals, a glucose negative charge ↑
·
O H H
E
1-4 1-6 bonds +
exe H bonds with I
ele
bonds H ⑧ c c- H saturated
hydrogen 3 fatty C ->
H acid
-
very branch d,
- - - -
form
el ·
Oxygen
·
I I
I H
glycerol broken
H
compact, between molecules giving water properties H I unsaturated
many
·
c OH dowrchty
-
glucose H H
-
->
C C = c
-
- - - -
insoluble, H heat of
latent I
·
fast energy source storedsat in
i he
Livert
large de -------- hydrogen bonds H C 0H
large energy store ↑
-
evaporation high
-
cells
- ·
-
conductors H 0 c R straightchain of
-
- -
C ->
I poor
- -
-
needed to insulation, buoyancy
i carbon t hydrogens
·
more
energy
·
cohesion tension 0H custions
stic ↳ Less
H
surface break bonds 4 protection than
---
-
H
-
I
dense water
·
stick to eachother 1
8 ·allows water to resistexternal forces
↳
eg.water evaporates weak
hydrogen bonds allow
lightinsects to travel phospholipids Phospholipid
outside cell
and nextmolecule is on the surface of water aren't
but
strong enough to
Bilayer - hydrophillic
-> capillary
I ⑧888
e
pulled up -> action larger/heavier
support species phosphate
11 1 1 1 1 1
heads outside
Less dense tails Interactwith
adhesion universal solvent stability + coolant as ice
I glycerol
-
non-polar I ↳
stick to other dissolves many constantenvironment water
4-hydrogen hydrophobic hydrophobic(((((( water
↳
·
and
88888
substances Liquids for chemical protects ponds + bonds molecules further ·head-polar and rails inside
six
saturated
acid &
hydrophice ↳ don'tinteractinside cell
water sticks Lakes by freezing apart unsaturated layers of
-
eg. reactions
·
satte
to xylem walls ·
transportdissolved on top
·
giant, rigid, open structure with water Csolution phospholipids
↳
sightgravity compounds
cellS
intoutof insulating ·causes
water
to float
it on containing water)
