TYPE 2
Structure and function Facilitated diffusion carrier proteins. Small molecules + some large ones Active transport
·
barriers -
compartmentalisation -
organises internal environmentinto ·
passive diffusion ·specific shape which changes once a molecule ·
requires energy -> ATP
separate sections, partially permeable -
only allows certain things in/out
·
uses intrinsic
proteins as they binds to it 29 11(o) againstthe concentration gradient
·site of chemical reactions- keep things together needed for chemical can't
interactwith the hydrophobic carries molecules from one side the other
to
0
8
-
-
tails
regions
take two
reactions ribosomes RER keptin place for protein synthesis of the bilayer ↳
co-transporters can at a time 2 specific
·
-
on
-
eg.
O -⑧
cell signalling-helps other cells
recognise types of cells they molecules are
large, polar and ·importantfor reabsorption of glucose + amino ↳ one binds with - -8
high ATP
⑥.
- -
are dealing with liposome/micelle-bundles of lipids that lipid insoluble
I
...........
w
~ · CONC. acids in the kidney molecules, one ⑧
A
8
"On
·000
⑧ 00
TYPE
1
...... high
- 8
PHOSPHOLIPIDS when when
you shake waterlipid Il
allows hydrolysis.
conc
.........
form S
.
y
1
-
...
0
channel low
ATP
⑧
.
proteins + lipids most
of the cell membrane proteins Of ⑧
moleculespass
-
phosphore)-hydrophilis C
- CONC.
andi t ->
·
through O
-
soluble substances insoluble
8899,90.f
is impenetrable to -
water polart O
88
1
·water-soluble substances and other molecules ↳ 0.8mm in diameter-diffuse through //I I
initi
000000⑧
samal's water-filled Low conformational
taste
satty-hydrophobic BADP
of proteins
......
made
passage ways
....... .....
- -
use
↓
I
pores of
* able change
I
⑧
non-polar, to interactwith water due to the polarity protein CONC. occurs ⑧
d
of
Simple diffusion
/
⑧ 8 ⑧
-
molecule carried
can't form bonds with phosphate ↳ ⑧ ⑧
8
-
o
8
to
passive, along concentration gradient (high-low) other side ⑧
⑧
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL molecules continue to until
they in ATP Cadenosine tri-phosphate)
88
move are n-
888
=
equilibrium still but stay roughly equal 3 phosphate -> forms
·goo ⑧ -
- move
-- ⑧
-
ADP
oggggo
-O-0
i- bordroken
-ro
-
-
100ggoogooono8888888888888888888888080880
small non-polar molecules - move through the
ro j WW
·Eggs
-
dine
in hydrophobic
00 oooo tails
1
0 8
oestrogen etc.
Lesteronet e
-
O-
person hydrolysis of ATP
11
↳o
pentosephosphate
1
·
-
ar
some exceptions be
must soluble in lipids 2
·
Dine
-
UJ releases energy -
sugar
want
E 4 . ↑
....
phospholipid bilayer phospholipids
-
able to move, rotate ...
-
Biological
- d
....
↓ & -
and swap places
2 extrinsic protein only -
on one side of the bilayer t membranes Bulk transport ACTIVE
MOVEMENT Water
low
interactwith hydrophilic head conC. EXOC YTOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS potential
iii
3 channel protein -
hydrophilic channel, allows molecules released &
..... I large molecule
:..
Ge
down their the rate of diffusion is 4
movement
of polar molecules concentration directly proportional to:
from the cell
~
...
-
approaches membrane osmosis -
movement
of
gradient throughthe (invaginates)
-
all the way membrane SA 0cOnC. fastest large large membranes of 3 ↑ which dips water across
partially
-
=
a
-
4
carrier protein movement that membrane thickness small ... 2
begins to fold in permeable
vesicleusesweree
-
used for active rate membrane membrane from
↓
FACTORS
↑
requires ATP and involves the protein changing shape AFFECTING DIFFUSION around the large high water potential to low
:
cholesterol-provides mechanical
5
stability, found
·
temperature surface area vesicle moves along ↑
i molecule water potential (Y)
betweenhydrophobic tails, watertions can'tpass concentration. thickness of membrane cytoskeleton
E
highest 4 0kPa
easily : large molecule
· =
3 now
6 PRACTICAL it
glycolipids and glycoproteins -
intrinsic protein with large I inside cell - moved to ↳
pure water
tail cut into differentsized cubes molecules in vesicle it's b
carbohydrate - used in cell
signalling e
receptor sites, agar jelly where needed by adding any solute will
hormones, cell markers or
antigens place in a beaker of hydrochloric acid the
cytoskeleton the water potential
I intrinsic proteins embeddedin the membrane + pass measure the time taken for each cube ATPREQUIRED FOR: Phagocytosis movementof ↳ make it more negative
alcohol
- -
between both layers, called transmembrane proteins to colourless cell surface membrane moves solids across membrane ·
I only ever O
go
tails ↑ SAiratio, I rate
Pintocytosis to the
interact with hydrophobic a diffusion inwards around the molecule movement of Osmosis
·
1,09
of -
moves more
↑ ·when the vesicle moves via liquids across membrane negative water potential
effectof ethanol concentration membrane
&////
on the cytoskeleton
Permeability solvents -
000
permeability
temperature
·
some solvents dissolve METHOD: Effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells
↑11/11/1
0
ANIMALS
-
·5 testtubes of differentconcentrations of
Shie
I
temp-lipids closely
low lipids which increases
hypertonic PLANTS
packed, low permeability
2
high temp-protein's
ddddd permeability
membrane is disrupted
as the
place
ethanol- 0%, 2000, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%
a
piece of beetroot in each test
tube ·
E
·water moves out of
shrivels up-crenated
cell 88
⑧ hypertonic
plasmolysed water moves out of cell
⑰
-
-
-
g
-~
S
~
~
leave
19/9/9/9
↳ phospholipids for 15 minutes Isotonic
·
⑳ same
0
denature, permeability some contents shrink from cell wall
⑧
⑳
·
a colorimeter with filter Isotonic
·
molecules dissolve creating use a
green netmovement
to polar as no
CONCLUSION:
they protein channels
& gaps more permeable Hypotonic netmovement
-
use ·no
e.g. alcohol higher concentration, more light absorbed
⑧
&
↳ Kigh hypotonic -can
⑳
·
3
lipids have kinetic and ·water into cell bursting
I
more moves wall stops S
higher
↳
concentration
-
detergents more
permeable bursts
onBois bitonpas
·cell stretchest
=
turgideswell into cell
energymeet
·
up, water moves
-
↳ cytolysis -
hills cell
Structure and function Facilitated diffusion carrier proteins. Small molecules + some large ones Active transport
·
barriers -
compartmentalisation -
organises internal environmentinto ·
passive diffusion ·specific shape which changes once a molecule ·
requires energy -> ATP
separate sections, partially permeable -
only allows certain things in/out
·
uses intrinsic
proteins as they binds to it 29 11(o) againstthe concentration gradient
·site of chemical reactions- keep things together needed for chemical can't
interactwith the hydrophobic carries molecules from one side the other
to
0
8
-
-
tails
regions
take two
reactions ribosomes RER keptin place for protein synthesis of the bilayer ↳
co-transporters can at a time 2 specific
·
-
on
-
eg.
O -⑧
cell signalling-helps other cells
recognise types of cells they molecules are
large, polar and ·importantfor reabsorption of glucose + amino ↳ one binds with - -8
high ATP
⑥.
- -
are dealing with liposome/micelle-bundles of lipids that lipid insoluble
I
...........
w
~ · CONC. acids in the kidney molecules, one ⑧
A
8
"On
·000
⑧ 00
TYPE
1
...... high
- 8
PHOSPHOLIPIDS when when
you shake waterlipid Il
allows hydrolysis.
conc
.........
form S
.
y
1
-
...
0
channel low
ATP
⑧
.
proteins + lipids most
of the cell membrane proteins Of ⑧
moleculespass
-
phosphore)-hydrophilis C
- CONC.
andi t ->
·
through O
-
soluble substances insoluble
8899,90.f
is impenetrable to -
water polart O
88
1
·water-soluble substances and other molecules ↳ 0.8mm in diameter-diffuse through //I I
initi
000000⑧
samal's water-filled Low conformational
taste
satty-hydrophobic BADP
of proteins
......
made
passage ways
....... .....
- -
use
↓
I
pores of
* able change
I
⑧
non-polar, to interactwith water due to the polarity protein CONC. occurs ⑧
d
of
Simple diffusion
/
⑧ 8 ⑧
-
molecule carried
can't form bonds with phosphate ↳ ⑧ ⑧
8
-
o
8
to
passive, along concentration gradient (high-low) other side ⑧
⑧
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL molecules continue to until
they in ATP Cadenosine tri-phosphate)
88
move are n-
888
=
equilibrium still but stay roughly equal 3 phosphate -> forms
·goo ⑧ -
- move
-- ⑧
-
ADP
oggggo
-O-0
i- bordroken
-ro
-
-
100ggoogooono8888888888888888888888080880
small non-polar molecules - move through the
ro j WW
·Eggs
-
dine
in hydrophobic
00 oooo tails
1
0 8
oestrogen etc.
Lesteronet e
-
O-
person hydrolysis of ATP
11
↳o
pentosephosphate
1
·
-
ar
some exceptions be
must soluble in lipids 2
·
Dine
-
UJ releases energy -
sugar
want
E 4 . ↑
....
phospholipid bilayer phospholipids
-
able to move, rotate ...
-
Biological
- d
....
↓ & -
and swap places
2 extrinsic protein only -
on one side of the bilayer t membranes Bulk transport ACTIVE
MOVEMENT Water
low
interactwith hydrophilic head conC. EXOC YTOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS potential
iii
3 channel protein -
hydrophilic channel, allows molecules released &
..... I large molecule
:..
Ge
down their the rate of diffusion is 4
movement
of polar molecules concentration directly proportional to:
from the cell
~
...
-
approaches membrane osmosis -
movement
of
gradient throughthe (invaginates)
-
all the way membrane SA 0cOnC. fastest large large membranes of 3 ↑ which dips water across
partially
-
=
a
-
4
carrier protein movement that membrane thickness small ... 2
begins to fold in permeable
vesicleusesweree
-
used for active rate membrane membrane from
↓
FACTORS
↑
requires ATP and involves the protein changing shape AFFECTING DIFFUSION around the large high water potential to low
:
cholesterol-provides mechanical
5
stability, found
·
temperature surface area vesicle moves along ↑
i molecule water potential (Y)
betweenhydrophobic tails, watertions can'tpass concentration. thickness of membrane cytoskeleton
E
highest 4 0kPa
easily : large molecule
· =
3 now
6 PRACTICAL it
glycolipids and glycoproteins -
intrinsic protein with large I inside cell - moved to ↳
pure water
tail cut into differentsized cubes molecules in vesicle it's b
carbohydrate - used in cell
signalling e
receptor sites, agar jelly where needed by adding any solute will
hormones, cell markers or
antigens place in a beaker of hydrochloric acid the
cytoskeleton the water potential
I intrinsic proteins embeddedin the membrane + pass measure the time taken for each cube ATPREQUIRED FOR: Phagocytosis movementof ↳ make it more negative
alcohol
- -
between both layers, called transmembrane proteins to colourless cell surface membrane moves solids across membrane ·
I only ever O
go
tails ↑ SAiratio, I rate
Pintocytosis to the
interact with hydrophobic a diffusion inwards around the molecule movement of Osmosis
·
1,09
of -
moves more
↑ ·when the vesicle moves via liquids across membrane negative water potential
effectof ethanol concentration membrane
&////
on the cytoskeleton
Permeability solvents -
000
permeability
temperature
·
some solvents dissolve METHOD: Effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells
↑11/11/1
0
ANIMALS
-
·5 testtubes of differentconcentrations of
Shie
I
temp-lipids closely
low lipids which increases
hypertonic PLANTS
packed, low permeability
2
high temp-protein's
ddddd permeability
membrane is disrupted
as the
place
ethanol- 0%, 2000, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%
a
piece of beetroot in each test
tube ·
E
·water moves out of
shrivels up-crenated
cell 88
⑧ hypertonic
plasmolysed water moves out of cell
⑰
-
-
-
g
-~
S
~
~
leave
19/9/9/9
↳ phospholipids for 15 minutes Isotonic
·
⑳ same
0
denature, permeability some contents shrink from cell wall
⑧
⑳
·
a colorimeter with filter Isotonic
·
molecules dissolve creating use a
green netmovement
to polar as no
CONCLUSION:
they protein channels
& gaps more permeable Hypotonic netmovement
-
use ·no
e.g. alcohol higher concentration, more light absorbed
⑧
&
↳ Kigh hypotonic -can
⑳
·
3
lipids have kinetic and ·water into cell bursting
I
more moves wall stops S
higher
↳
concentration
-
detergents more
permeable bursts
onBois bitonpas
·cell stretchest
=
turgideswell into cell
energymeet
·
up, water moves
-
↳ cytolysis -
hills cell
