Compiled by Christené Beukes
1
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
,ANIMAL DIGESTION
The hormone controls the secretion of pancreatic juice.
Secretin
Flatulence/ burping / belching
The removal of gases from the rumen through the esophagus to prevent bloating.
A part of the digestive tract where no digestion takes place
Large intestine AND Esophagus
Adaptation feature of omasum to remove water
It has folds/leaves that squeeze water out of the feed.
The microorganisms in the rumen digest cellulose to produce the following:
• Methane
• Carbon dioxide
• Fatty acids
Examples of microorganisms in the reticulo -rumen
• Bacteria
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Archaea
• Viruses
Justification of the ruminant surviving on feed low in vitamins
The stomach contains rumen microorganisms that can synthesize/manufacture vitamins.
Requirements for the normal functioning of microorganisms
2
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
, • Anaerobic conditions
• The presence of carbon dioxide
• pH of 5.5 - 6.5/ slightly acidic
• Temperature of 38 - 42 'C/hot environment
• Regular intake of feed
• Removal of waste products
• Osmotic conditions/presence of moisture
• Presence of volatile fatty acids
• Presence of sufficient nutrients
Functions of rumen microbes :
• Digestion of cellulose
• Synthesis of vitamins
• Hydrolysis of proteins
Visible adaptation features of villi
• Presence of microvilli
• Presence of blood capillaries
• Presence of lymphatic vessels
Explanation of how folds in the small intestine contribute to absorption
Folds increase the surface area for absorption
Why ruminants are suitable for roughage and giving NPN
• The ruminant has microorganisms that can digest a ration containing roughage and urea.
• The ruminant has four compartments in its stomach that are adapted to digest roughage.
• The ruminant can regurgitate the feed for the rumination of roughage
Benefit of providing roughage in the ration for ruminants
• Has a higher crude fiber /cellulose content which is necessary for the activity of rumen
microflora
• Stimulates rumen development in young ruminants.
• Prevent bloating.
Adaptations of the rumen to digest feed rich in fiber
3
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
, • Presence of microorganisms/rumen microflora
• Presence of papillae for providing heat
• It has a large fermentation tank
• Contraction mixes the food and brings it into contact with microorganisms
Roles of water/moisture during digestion
• A substance that dissolves ingredients in the body
• Moisten food/make it soft
• Transport nutrients through the digestive tract
• Medium through which waste products are excreted
• Facilitates enzymatic digestion
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Finely ground
the cheapest and most widely used method to improve digestibility.
Classify the feed given to the animal. (With wide feeding ratio and low TVV)
Roughage
The implication of the feed with a low digestibility rate
• The feed was less digestible/low digestibility coefficient
• 40% of the feed has been digested
• 60% of the feed was excreted
Animal-related factors that influence the digestibility of the feed given to ANIMAL A and ANIMAL
B
• Individuality
• Age of the animal
• Production
Factors that influence the digestibility of feed
• Type/composition of the feed
• Type of animal
4
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
1
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
,ANIMAL DIGESTION
The hormone controls the secretion of pancreatic juice.
Secretin
Flatulence/ burping / belching
The removal of gases from the rumen through the esophagus to prevent bloating.
A part of the digestive tract where no digestion takes place
Large intestine AND Esophagus
Adaptation feature of omasum to remove water
It has folds/leaves that squeeze water out of the feed.
The microorganisms in the rumen digest cellulose to produce the following:
• Methane
• Carbon dioxide
• Fatty acids
Examples of microorganisms in the reticulo -rumen
• Bacteria
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Archaea
• Viruses
Justification of the ruminant surviving on feed low in vitamins
The stomach contains rumen microorganisms that can synthesize/manufacture vitamins.
Requirements for the normal functioning of microorganisms
2
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
, • Anaerobic conditions
• The presence of carbon dioxide
• pH of 5.5 - 6.5/ slightly acidic
• Temperature of 38 - 42 'C/hot environment
• Regular intake of feed
• Removal of waste products
• Osmotic conditions/presence of moisture
• Presence of volatile fatty acids
• Presence of sufficient nutrients
Functions of rumen microbes :
• Digestion of cellulose
• Synthesis of vitamins
• Hydrolysis of proteins
Visible adaptation features of villi
• Presence of microvilli
• Presence of blood capillaries
• Presence of lymphatic vessels
Explanation of how folds in the small intestine contribute to absorption
Folds increase the surface area for absorption
Why ruminants are suitable for roughage and giving NPN
• The ruminant has microorganisms that can digest a ration containing roughage and urea.
• The ruminant has four compartments in its stomach that are adapted to digest roughage.
• The ruminant can regurgitate the feed for the rumination of roughage
Benefit of providing roughage in the ration for ruminants
• Has a higher crude fiber /cellulose content which is necessary for the activity of rumen
microflora
• Stimulates rumen development in young ruminants.
• Prevent bloating.
Adaptations of the rumen to digest feed rich in fiber
3
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
, • Presence of microorganisms/rumen microflora
• Presence of papillae for providing heat
• It has a large fermentation tank
• Contraction mixes the food and brings it into contact with microorganisms
Roles of water/moisture during digestion
• A substance that dissolves ingredients in the body
• Moisten food/make it soft
• Transport nutrients through the digestive tract
• Medium through which waste products are excreted
• Facilitates enzymatic digestion
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Finely ground
the cheapest and most widely used method to improve digestibility.
Classify the feed given to the animal. (With wide feeding ratio and low TVV)
Roughage
The implication of the feed with a low digestibility rate
• The feed was less digestible/low digestibility coefficient
• 40% of the feed has been digested
• 60% of the feed was excreted
Animal-related factors that influence the digestibility of the feed given to ANIMAL A and ANIMAL
B
• Individuality
• Age of the animal
• Production
Factors that influence the digestibility of feed
• Type/composition of the feed
• Type of animal
4
Christené Beukes AGRS notes
