Chapter 1, Exploring the Growth of Nursing as a Profession
1. Which historical images impeded the development of nursing as a profession? Select all that
apply.
A. Servant
B. Folk
C. Ancient
D. Religious
E. Social
ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: Nursing has carried forward three heritages from the past that some believe
impeded the development of nursing as a profession. They are the folk image of the nurse
brought forward from primitive times, the religious image of the nurse inherited from the
medieval period, and the servant image of the nurse created by the Protestant-capitalist ethic
from the 16th to 19th century. Although ancient cultures developed medicine as a science and
a profession, writings about early healthcare make little or no mention of nursing or nurses.
Ancient images make no mention of nursing or nurses. Social image is not identified as a
historical image of nursing.
PTS: 1 REF: 4, History of Healthcare and Nursing
OBJ: Learning Objective: 1
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Select
2. Which principles best describe Florence Nightingale’s beliefs about the nursing profession?
Select all that apply.
A. Physician-based nursing curriculum
B. Theory-based curriculum for students
C. Improved conditions for clients
D. Lifelong learning
E. Voluntary nursing teachers
F. Caring
ANS: B, C, D, F
Rationale: Florence Nightingale believed that nurses should spend their time caring for
clients, not cleaning, and nurses must continue learning throughout their lifetime. The
curriculum would include both theoretic material and practical experience. Teachers would be
paid for their instruction. The school matron would have final authority over the curriculum,
living arrangements, and all other aspects of the school.
PTS: 1 REF: 6, The Nightingale Influence OBJ: Learning Objective: 2
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Select
3. Which recommendation best describes the findings of an 1869 report by the American
Medical Association regarding nursing education?
A. Nurses should provide most of the workforce for hospitals.
B. Schools should be under the national medical society.
, C. Every large hospital should have a nursing school.
D. Nurses should be recruited from shelters.
ANS: C
Rationale: In 1869, the American Medical Association established a committee to study the
issue of training for nurses. Its report concluded that every large hospital should have a
nursing school and recommended that schools be placed under the guardianship of county
medical societies. Although nurses were often recruited from shelters in the early 1800s, this
was not included in the report. The report did not describe workforce for hospitals.
PTS: 1 REF: 9, The Establishment of Early Schools
OBJ: Learning Objective: 3
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Choice
4. Which factors best describe characteristics of early nursing schools around the turn of the
century? Select all that apply.
A. Students commuted long distances
B. Attrition rate was low
C. Lacked standardized curriculum
D. Largely considered an apprenticeship
E. Promoted religious image of the nurse
ANS: C, D, E
Rationale: Nursing students were expected to be unselfish, thinking not of themselves but of
the happiness and well-being of others. This is in keeping with the “religious image” of the
nurse. Initially, nursing education was largely an apprenticeship and resulted in students
providing much of the workforce of hospitals. There was no standardization of curriculum and
no accreditation. Although some of the early programs provided sleeping quarters in the
hospital, nursing students usually were housed in a building next to the hospital. The attrition
rate was high in the early schools.
PTS: 1 REF: 10, Characteristics of the Early Schools
OBJ: Learning Objective: 3
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Select
5. A nursing student is reading about military influences that brought about significant changes
in nursing. Place these influential events in order of occurrence?
A. Administration of small pox vaccinations
B. GI Bill enacted
C. Development of The Red Cross
D. Invention of ambulances
ANS:
A, D, C, B
1. Which historical images impeded the development of nursing as a profession? Select all that
apply.
A. Servant
B. Folk
C. Ancient
D. Religious
E. Social
ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: Nursing has carried forward three heritages from the past that some believe
impeded the development of nursing as a profession. They are the folk image of the nurse
brought forward from primitive times, the religious image of the nurse inherited from the
medieval period, and the servant image of the nurse created by the Protestant-capitalist ethic
from the 16th to 19th century. Although ancient cultures developed medicine as a science and
a profession, writings about early healthcare make little or no mention of nursing or nurses.
Ancient images make no mention of nursing or nurses. Social image is not identified as a
historical image of nursing.
PTS: 1 REF: 4, History of Healthcare and Nursing
OBJ: Learning Objective: 1
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Select
2. Which principles best describe Florence Nightingale’s beliefs about the nursing profession?
Select all that apply.
A. Physician-based nursing curriculum
B. Theory-based curriculum for students
C. Improved conditions for clients
D. Lifelong learning
E. Voluntary nursing teachers
F. Caring
ANS: B, C, D, F
Rationale: Florence Nightingale believed that nurses should spend their time caring for
clients, not cleaning, and nurses must continue learning throughout their lifetime. The
curriculum would include both theoretic material and practical experience. Teachers would be
paid for their instruction. The school matron would have final authority over the curriculum,
living arrangements, and all other aspects of the school.
PTS: 1 REF: 6, The Nightingale Influence OBJ: Learning Objective: 2
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Select
3. Which recommendation best describes the findings of an 1869 report by the American
Medical Association regarding nursing education?
A. Nurses should provide most of the workforce for hospitals.
B. Schools should be under the national medical society.
, C. Every large hospital should have a nursing school.
D. Nurses should be recruited from shelters.
ANS: C
Rationale: In 1869, the American Medical Association established a committee to study the
issue of training for nurses. Its report concluded that every large hospital should have a
nursing school and recommended that schools be placed under the guardianship of county
medical societies. Although nurses were often recruited from shelters in the early 1800s, this
was not included in the report. The report did not describe workforce for hospitals.
PTS: 1 REF: 9, The Establishment of Early Schools
OBJ: Learning Objective: 3
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Choice
4. Which factors best describe characteristics of early nursing schools around the turn of the
century? Select all that apply.
A. Students commuted long distances
B. Attrition rate was low
C. Lacked standardized curriculum
D. Largely considered an apprenticeship
E. Promoted religious image of the nurse
ANS: C, D, E
Rationale: Nursing students were expected to be unselfish, thinking not of themselves but of
the happiness and well-being of others. This is in keeping with the “religious image” of the
nurse. Initially, nursing education was largely an apprenticeship and resulted in students
providing much of the workforce of hospitals. There was no standardization of curriculum and
no accreditation. Although some of the early programs provided sleeping quarters in the
hospital, nursing students usually were housed in a building next to the hospital. The attrition
rate was high in the early schools.
PTS: 1 REF: 10, Characteristics of the Early Schools
OBJ: Learning Objective: 3
NAT: Client Needs: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
TOP: Chapter: 1 KEY: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning
BLM: Cognitive Level: Apply NOT: Multiple Select
5. A nursing student is reading about military influences that brought about significant changes
in nursing. Place these influential events in order of occurrence?
A. Administration of small pox vaccinations
B. GI Bill enacted
C. Development of The Red Cross
D. Invention of ambulances
ANS:
A, D, C, B
