Pathophysiology Exam 4 Practice Questions with 100%
Verified Answers UPDATED!!!!.
Correct
Incorrect
A. urine is no longer frothy from loss of albumin
, D. Due to diabetic neuropathy
Correct Answer: C.
Deposits of adipose tissue in the trunk and dorsocervical area.
Because of changes in fat distribution, adipose tissue accumulates in the trunk, face
(moonface), and dorsocervical areas (buffalo hump). Physical examination of the patient will
reveal increased fat deposits in the upper half of the body leading to “Buffalo torso,”
characteristic moon facies (earlobes are not visible when viewed from the front), thin arms
and legs, acne, hirsutism, proximal muscle weakness of shoulder and hip girdle muscles,
paper-thin skin, abdominal pain due to gut perforation in rare cases, and wide vertical
purplish abdominal striae. Option A: Hypertension is caused by fluid retention. Patients may
also have a history of hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, and diabetes. Hypertension is a
very common comorbidity in patients with Cushing’s disease/syndrome, resulting from the
interplay of several pathophysiologic mechanisms, including stimulation of mineralocorticoid
and glucocorticoid receptors as well as the associated insulin resistance, sleep apnea, and
overexpression of renin-angiotensin system. Option B: Thinning of the skin and other
mucous membranes: the skin becomes dry and bruises easily. Cortisol causes the breakdown
of some dermal proteins along with the weakening of small blood vessels. In fact, the skin
may become so weak as to develop a shiny, paper-thin quality which allows it to be torn
easily.
Option D: Muscle wasting causes muscle atrophy and thin extremities. The effect of circulating
levels of cortisol on the muscles varies from slight to marked. Muscle wasting can be so
extensive that the condition stimulates muscular dystrophy. Marked weakness of the
quadriceps muscle often prevents affected people from rising out of a chair unassisted.
Don't know?
2 of 81
,
, Correct Answer: B. “It burns when I pee.”
A common symptom of a UTI is dysuria. A patient with a UTI often reports frequent voiding of
small amounts and the urgency to void. Symptoms of uncomplicated UTI are pain on
urination (dysuria), frequent urination (frequency), inability to start the urine stream
(hesitation), sudden onset of the need to urinate (urgency), and blood in the urine
(hematuria). Usually, patients with uncomplicated UTI do not have fever, chills, nausea,
vomiting, or back pain, which are signs of kidney involvement or upper tract
disease/pyelonephritis.
Option A: High amounts of solutes within the renal tubules cause a passive osmotic diuresis
(solute diuresis) and thus an increase in urine volume. The classic example of this process is
the glucose-induced osmotic diuresis in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when high urinary
glucose levels (> 250 mg/dL [13.88 mmol/L]) exceed tubular reabsorption capacity, leading to
high glucose levels in the renal tubules; water follows passively, resulting in glucosuria and
increased urine volume. Option C: Oliguria can be the result of various causes that can be
apparent or subclinical. Oliguria can arise as a result of the normal physiological response of
the body or due to an underlying pathology affecting the kidney or urinary tract. The most
common prerenal cause is reduced blood flow to the kidney secondary to intravascular
volume depletion, heart failure, sepsis, or as a side effect of medication.
Option D: Urine that smells sweet is often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Commonly
accepted criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis are blood glucose greater
than 250 mg/dl, arterial pH less than 7.3, serum bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/l, and
Correct Answer: B. Encouraging slow, deep breaths.the presence of ketonemia or ketonuria.
The client who is hyperventilating and subsequently develops respiratory alkalosis is losing
too much carbon dioxide. Measures that result in the retention of carbon dioxide are needed.
Encourage slow, deep breathing to retain carbon dioxide and reverse respiratory alkalosis.
Encourage the patient to breathe slowly and deeply. Speak in a low, calm tone of voice.
Provide a safe environment. May help reassure and calm the agitated patient, thereby aiding
the reduction of respiratory rate. Assists the patient to regain control.
Option A: Administering sodium chloride is appropriate for metabolic alkalosis. Demonstrate
appropriate breathing patterns, if appropriate, and assist with respiratory aids or a
rebreathing mask/bag. Decreasing the rate of respiration can halt the "blowing off" of CO2,
elevating Pco2 level and normalizing pH.
Option C: Administering sodium bicarbonate is appropriate for treating metabolic acidosis.
Provide comfort measures; encourage the use of meditation and visualization. Use a tepid
sponge bath/cool cloths. Promotes relaxation and reduces stress. Control and reduction of
fever reduce the potential for seizures and helps reduce respiration rate.
Verified Answers UPDATED!!!!.
Correct
Incorrect
A. urine is no longer frothy from loss of albumin
, D. Due to diabetic neuropathy
Correct Answer: C.
Deposits of adipose tissue in the trunk and dorsocervical area.
Because of changes in fat distribution, adipose tissue accumulates in the trunk, face
(moonface), and dorsocervical areas (buffalo hump). Physical examination of the patient will
reveal increased fat deposits in the upper half of the body leading to “Buffalo torso,”
characteristic moon facies (earlobes are not visible when viewed from the front), thin arms
and legs, acne, hirsutism, proximal muscle weakness of shoulder and hip girdle muscles,
paper-thin skin, abdominal pain due to gut perforation in rare cases, and wide vertical
purplish abdominal striae. Option A: Hypertension is caused by fluid retention. Patients may
also have a history of hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, and diabetes. Hypertension is a
very common comorbidity in patients with Cushing’s disease/syndrome, resulting from the
interplay of several pathophysiologic mechanisms, including stimulation of mineralocorticoid
and glucocorticoid receptors as well as the associated insulin resistance, sleep apnea, and
overexpression of renin-angiotensin system. Option B: Thinning of the skin and other
mucous membranes: the skin becomes dry and bruises easily. Cortisol causes the breakdown
of some dermal proteins along with the weakening of small blood vessels. In fact, the skin
may become so weak as to develop a shiny, paper-thin quality which allows it to be torn
easily.
Option D: Muscle wasting causes muscle atrophy and thin extremities. The effect of circulating
levels of cortisol on the muscles varies from slight to marked. Muscle wasting can be so
extensive that the condition stimulates muscular dystrophy. Marked weakness of the
quadriceps muscle often prevents affected people from rising out of a chair unassisted.
Don't know?
2 of 81
,
, Correct Answer: B. “It burns when I pee.”
A common symptom of a UTI is dysuria. A patient with a UTI often reports frequent voiding of
small amounts and the urgency to void. Symptoms of uncomplicated UTI are pain on
urination (dysuria), frequent urination (frequency), inability to start the urine stream
(hesitation), sudden onset of the need to urinate (urgency), and blood in the urine
(hematuria). Usually, patients with uncomplicated UTI do not have fever, chills, nausea,
vomiting, or back pain, which are signs of kidney involvement or upper tract
disease/pyelonephritis.
Option A: High amounts of solutes within the renal tubules cause a passive osmotic diuresis
(solute diuresis) and thus an increase in urine volume. The classic example of this process is
the glucose-induced osmotic diuresis in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when high urinary
glucose levels (> 250 mg/dL [13.88 mmol/L]) exceed tubular reabsorption capacity, leading to
high glucose levels in the renal tubules; water follows passively, resulting in glucosuria and
increased urine volume. Option C: Oliguria can be the result of various causes that can be
apparent or subclinical. Oliguria can arise as a result of the normal physiological response of
the body or due to an underlying pathology affecting the kidney or urinary tract. The most
common prerenal cause is reduced blood flow to the kidney secondary to intravascular
volume depletion, heart failure, sepsis, or as a side effect of medication.
Option D: Urine that smells sweet is often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Commonly
accepted criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis are blood glucose greater
than 250 mg/dl, arterial pH less than 7.3, serum bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/l, and
Correct Answer: B. Encouraging slow, deep breaths.the presence of ketonemia or ketonuria.
The client who is hyperventilating and subsequently develops respiratory alkalosis is losing
too much carbon dioxide. Measures that result in the retention of carbon dioxide are needed.
Encourage slow, deep breathing to retain carbon dioxide and reverse respiratory alkalosis.
Encourage the patient to breathe slowly and deeply. Speak in a low, calm tone of voice.
Provide a safe environment. May help reassure and calm the agitated patient, thereby aiding
the reduction of respiratory rate. Assists the patient to regain control.
Option A: Administering sodium chloride is appropriate for metabolic alkalosis. Demonstrate
appropriate breathing patterns, if appropriate, and assist with respiratory aids or a
rebreathing mask/bag. Decreasing the rate of respiration can halt the "blowing off" of CO2,
elevating Pco2 level and normalizing pH.
Option C: Administering sodium bicarbonate is appropriate for treating metabolic acidosis.
Provide comfort measures; encourage the use of meditation and visualization. Use a tepid
sponge bath/cool cloths. Promotes relaxation and reduces stress. Control and reduction of
fever reduce the potential for seizures and helps reduce respiration rate.
