SYG 2000 - CHAPTER 3 - CULTURE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

SYG 2000 - CHAPTER 3 - CULTURE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Culture - Answers the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society. cultural universals - Answers customs and practices that occur across all societies Symbol - Answers anything that meaningfully represents something else. Culture could not exist without symbols because there would be no shared meanings among people Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis - Answers the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking cultural imperialism - Answers The dominance of one culture over another. four common nonmaterial cultural components: symbols, language, values, and norms. - Answers language - Answers Language is a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another. Verbal (spoken) language and nonverbal (written or gestured) language help us describe reality. values - Answers are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture Values typically come in pairs of positive and negative values, such as being brave or cowardly, hardworking or lazy. - Answers value contradiction - Answers are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive (meaning that achieving one value makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another). ideal culture - Answers refers to the values and standards of behavior that people in a society profess to hold. real culture - Answers refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow. For example, we may claim to be law-abiding (ideal cultural value) but may regularly drive over the speed limit (real cultural behavior) and still think of ourselves as "good citizens." norms - Answers are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct. prescriptive norms - Answers state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe proscriptive norms - Answers state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable Laws that prohibit us from driving over the speed limit and "good manners" that preclude you from texting during class are examples. formal norms - Answers are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type of formal norms; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions sanctions - Answers are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior. informal norms - Answers unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity. Negative sanctions - Answers punishments for violating norms positive sanction - Answers a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward Examples of positive sanctions include praise, honors, or medals for conformity to specific norms. informal sanctions - Answers a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group (such as frowning at someone or making a negative comment or gesture). folkway - Answers informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture (they provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential) In the United States, these include using underarm deodorant, brushing our teeth, and wearing appropriate clothing for a specific occasion mores - Answers strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture violators are subject to more-severe negative sanctions (such as ridicule or loss of employment) Taboos - Answers mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable. laws - Answers formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions. Civil Law - Answers deals with disputes among persons or groups. criminal law - Answers deals with public safety and well-being technology - Answers refers to the knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed. new technologies - Answers emerging technologies that have a significant impact on social life cultural lag - Answers Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations which is a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions. In other words, cultural lag occurs when material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture, thus creating a lag between the two cultural components. discovery - Answers the process of learning about something previously unknown or unrecognized. For example, the discovery of a polio vaccine virtually eliminated one of the major childhood diseases. invention - Answers the process of reshaping existing cultural items into a new form Guns, airplanes, TV sets, and digital devices are examples of inventions that positively or negatively affect our lives today. diffusion - Answers is the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as exploration, war, the media, tourism, and immigration.