NURS 2502 Exam 3 Study Guide Questions
with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Progressive, irreversible loss of renal function over months/years.
Chronic Kidney Disease Occurrence
>75% function lost; chronic if ≥90-95% loss.
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease
Diabetes mellitus (most common), Hypertension, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney
disease, Chronic obstruction (BPH, stones), Recurrent pyelonephritis.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
DM, HTN, CVD, smoking, obesity, African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian
descent, Family history, older age.
Renal Clinical Manifestations
Hyponatremia, poor turgor, confusion, Salt overload → edema, Hyperkalemia → muscle
weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, Metabolic acidosis, Proteinuria, glycosuria, RBCs, WBCs,
and casts in urine.
Cardiovascular Clinical Manifestations
Hypertension, CHF, dysrhythmias, pericardial effusion, edema.
Neurologic Clinical Manifestations
Burning, paresthesias, muscle cramping, Short attention span, apathy, seizures, coma.
GI Clinical Manifestations
,Stomatitis, ulcers, vomiting, uremic breath odor, Constipation, pancreatitis.
Respiratory Clinical Manifestations
Dyspnea, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, Kussmaul respirations.
Endocrine Clinical Manifestations
Amenorrhea, impotence, abnormal thyroid/parathyroid function.
Hematologic Clinical Manifestations
Anemia (↓ erythropoietin), bleeding, bruising.
Skin/Skeletal Clinical Manifestations
Yellow-gray skin, uremic frost, pruritus, Bone pain, demineralization, pathological fractures.
Lab Findings in CKD
↑ BUN: >20 mg/dL; dialysis if >70 mg/dL, ↑ Creatinine: >1.5 mg/dL; dialysis if >10×
normal, ↓ Creatinine clearance: <100 mL/min = renal impairment, ↑ K⁺, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ phosphate,
metabolic acidosis.
Treatment for CKD
IV glucose + insulin → shift K⁺ into cells, Sodium bicarbonate for acidosis, Calcium +
vitamin D supplements, Phosphate binders (sevelamer, calcium acetate), Fluid restriction,
diuretics, Iron, blood transfusions, erythropoietin, High carb, low protein diet, Dialysis when
all else fails.
Dietary Guidelines for CKD
, Milk: Limit ½ cup/day. Avoid buttermilk, chocolate milk, Protein: 6-8 oz/day of lean meat,
eggs, seafood. Avoid processed/salted meats, Starches: 6-8 servings/day (unsalted),
Vegetables: Choose low-potassium (carrots, cucumbers, cabbage).
Fluid Restriction
Restrict to urine output + 1000 mL/day.
Hemodialysis
Removes waste, fluid, and electrolytes via vascular access.
Temporary Access Types
Subclavian/femoral.
Permanent Access Types
AV fistula/shunt.
Hemodialysis Procedure
3x/week, ~4 hours.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Uses peritoneal membrane as filter via abdominal catheter.
Peritoneal Dialysis Phases
Inflow → Dwell → Outflow.
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis
Nightly, 6-7x/week.
CAPD
with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Progressive, irreversible loss of renal function over months/years.
Chronic Kidney Disease Occurrence
>75% function lost; chronic if ≥90-95% loss.
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease
Diabetes mellitus (most common), Hypertension, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney
disease, Chronic obstruction (BPH, stones), Recurrent pyelonephritis.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
DM, HTN, CVD, smoking, obesity, African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian
descent, Family history, older age.
Renal Clinical Manifestations
Hyponatremia, poor turgor, confusion, Salt overload → edema, Hyperkalemia → muscle
weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, Metabolic acidosis, Proteinuria, glycosuria, RBCs, WBCs,
and casts in urine.
Cardiovascular Clinical Manifestations
Hypertension, CHF, dysrhythmias, pericardial effusion, edema.
Neurologic Clinical Manifestations
Burning, paresthesias, muscle cramping, Short attention span, apathy, seizures, coma.
GI Clinical Manifestations
,Stomatitis, ulcers, vomiting, uremic breath odor, Constipation, pancreatitis.
Respiratory Clinical Manifestations
Dyspnea, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, Kussmaul respirations.
Endocrine Clinical Manifestations
Amenorrhea, impotence, abnormal thyroid/parathyroid function.
Hematologic Clinical Manifestations
Anemia (↓ erythropoietin), bleeding, bruising.
Skin/Skeletal Clinical Manifestations
Yellow-gray skin, uremic frost, pruritus, Bone pain, demineralization, pathological fractures.
Lab Findings in CKD
↑ BUN: >20 mg/dL; dialysis if >70 mg/dL, ↑ Creatinine: >1.5 mg/dL; dialysis if >10×
normal, ↓ Creatinine clearance: <100 mL/min = renal impairment, ↑ K⁺, ↓ Ca²⁺, ↑ phosphate,
metabolic acidosis.
Treatment for CKD
IV glucose + insulin → shift K⁺ into cells, Sodium bicarbonate for acidosis, Calcium +
vitamin D supplements, Phosphate binders (sevelamer, calcium acetate), Fluid restriction,
diuretics, Iron, blood transfusions, erythropoietin, High carb, low protein diet, Dialysis when
all else fails.
Dietary Guidelines for CKD
, Milk: Limit ½ cup/day. Avoid buttermilk, chocolate milk, Protein: 6-8 oz/day of lean meat,
eggs, seafood. Avoid processed/salted meats, Starches: 6-8 servings/day (unsalted),
Vegetables: Choose low-potassium (carrots, cucumbers, cabbage).
Fluid Restriction
Restrict to urine output + 1000 mL/day.
Hemodialysis
Removes waste, fluid, and electrolytes via vascular access.
Temporary Access Types
Subclavian/femoral.
Permanent Access Types
AV fistula/shunt.
Hemodialysis Procedure
3x/week, ~4 hours.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Uses peritoneal membrane as filter via abdominal catheter.
Peritoneal Dialysis Phases
Inflow → Dwell → Outflow.
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis
Nightly, 6-7x/week.
CAPD
