BIO 101 MURRAY STATE EXAM 1 | BIO 101 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE | BIOLOGY
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
science is - ✔✔a body of knowledge
science is not - ✔✔recalling specific facts about the world.
memorizing what is already known.
the scientific method - ✔✔-making observations
-proposing ideas
-testing the ideas
-discarding or modifying ideas based on results
what is a proposed explanation for a single observation - ✔✔hypothesis
theory - ✔✔untested ideas based on little information
scientific theory - ✔✔powerful, broad explanation for related observations
hypothesis tests are based on - ✔✔deductive reasoning and if-then statements
Hypothesis: Vitamin C prevents colds. Why is it impossible to say that this hypothesis is true? -
✔✔Alternative hypotheses might be possible.
All hypotheses need to be tested with laboratory experiments - ✔✔false
experiments - ✔✔-collect data
-test specific hypotheses
independent variable - ✔✔those manipulated by the researcher
dependent variable - ✔✔those not changed by the researcher; may change during the experiment
controlled experiments - ✔✔‒Test the effect of a single variable
‒Limit possible alternate hypotheses
‒Differences in results should be due to treatment
control or control group - ✔✔‒Similar to experimental subjects
‒Do NOT receive the experimental treatment
steps for controlled experiments - ✔✔1.Random assignment to control or experimental group
2.Identical participation for both groups except for the testing treatment
bias - ✔✔influence on results
blind studies - ✔✔limit participant knowledge
, double-blind study - ✔✔also limit researcher knowledge of participant groups
Using correlation to test hypotheses - ✔✔controlled experiments on humans may be
Impossible
Dangerous
Unethical
model system - ✔✔used to avoid unethical or impractical tests on humans
A correlation exists between stress and colds, but stress may NOT cause the increase in the number of
colds - ✔✔true
ecological studies - ✔✔Examine specific human populations for unusually high levels of various
diseases
Cross-sectional surveys - ✔✔Question individuals in a population to determine amount of exposure to
an environmental factor and whether disease is present
Case-control studies - ✔✔Compare exposures to specific environmental factors between individuals
who have a disease and individuals matched in age and other factors who do not have the disease
cohort study - ✔✔Follow a group of individuals, measuring exposure to environmental factors and
disease prevalence
correlational experiment - ✔✔Expose individuals who experience varying levels of an independent
variable to an experimental treatment
Statistics in science - ✔✔evaluate and compare data
statistical tests - ✔✔Examine differences between groups
statistically significant - ✔✔Results show a true difference between groups
Low probability that difference between groups is due to random chance
Probability of 5% or less
Researchers may infer that treatment had an effect
sampling error - ✔✔the effect of chance on experimental data
What factor influences statistical significance? - ✔✔The sample size and the true difference between
population
What statistical tests cannot tell us - ✔✔If an experiment was designed and carried out properly
primary source - ✔✔original source
peer review - ✔✔critique by other scientists before publication to increase confidence in results
Manuscript Peer reviewers Revise Reject OR Primary source Published Secondary sources
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
science is - ✔✔a body of knowledge
science is not - ✔✔recalling specific facts about the world.
memorizing what is already known.
the scientific method - ✔✔-making observations
-proposing ideas
-testing the ideas
-discarding or modifying ideas based on results
what is a proposed explanation for a single observation - ✔✔hypothesis
theory - ✔✔untested ideas based on little information
scientific theory - ✔✔powerful, broad explanation for related observations
hypothesis tests are based on - ✔✔deductive reasoning and if-then statements
Hypothesis: Vitamin C prevents colds. Why is it impossible to say that this hypothesis is true? -
✔✔Alternative hypotheses might be possible.
All hypotheses need to be tested with laboratory experiments - ✔✔false
experiments - ✔✔-collect data
-test specific hypotheses
independent variable - ✔✔those manipulated by the researcher
dependent variable - ✔✔those not changed by the researcher; may change during the experiment
controlled experiments - ✔✔‒Test the effect of a single variable
‒Limit possible alternate hypotheses
‒Differences in results should be due to treatment
control or control group - ✔✔‒Similar to experimental subjects
‒Do NOT receive the experimental treatment
steps for controlled experiments - ✔✔1.Random assignment to control or experimental group
2.Identical participation for both groups except for the testing treatment
bias - ✔✔influence on results
blind studies - ✔✔limit participant knowledge
, double-blind study - ✔✔also limit researcher knowledge of participant groups
Using correlation to test hypotheses - ✔✔controlled experiments on humans may be
Impossible
Dangerous
Unethical
model system - ✔✔used to avoid unethical or impractical tests on humans
A correlation exists between stress and colds, but stress may NOT cause the increase in the number of
colds - ✔✔true
ecological studies - ✔✔Examine specific human populations for unusually high levels of various
diseases
Cross-sectional surveys - ✔✔Question individuals in a population to determine amount of exposure to
an environmental factor and whether disease is present
Case-control studies - ✔✔Compare exposures to specific environmental factors between individuals
who have a disease and individuals matched in age and other factors who do not have the disease
cohort study - ✔✔Follow a group of individuals, measuring exposure to environmental factors and
disease prevalence
correlational experiment - ✔✔Expose individuals who experience varying levels of an independent
variable to an experimental treatment
Statistics in science - ✔✔evaluate and compare data
statistical tests - ✔✔Examine differences between groups
statistically significant - ✔✔Results show a true difference between groups
Low probability that difference between groups is due to random chance
Probability of 5% or less
Researchers may infer that treatment had an effect
sampling error - ✔✔the effect of chance on experimental data
What factor influences statistical significance? - ✔✔The sample size and the true difference between
population
What statistical tests cannot tell us - ✔✔If an experiment was designed and carried out properly
primary source - ✔✔original source
peer review - ✔✔critique by other scientists before publication to increase confidence in results
Manuscript Peer reviewers Revise Reject OR Primary source Published Secondary sources
