UNE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ What type of cells secrete plasminogen activator inhibitors?.
Answer: endothelial cells
◍ hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease).
Answer: autosomal dominant disease ○ malformations made of dilated
capillaries and veins are widely distributed over skin and mucous
membranes → can rupture leading to GI bleeding, hematuria, epistaxis
◍ second most common cause of pneumonia in patients with COPD, tends
toward elderly.
Answer: Moraxella catarrhalis [CAP (acute)]
◍ dementia.
Answer: progressive deterioration and continuing decline of memory and
other cognitive changes
◍ compensatory hyperplasia.
Answer: tissue grows back after loss of part of an organexample: liver
regeneration
◍ enterotoxins produced by which strains of bacteria?.
Answer: S. aureus, V. cholerae, C. difficile
◍ which carcinoid syndrome location and size has the greatest malignant
potential?.
Answer: those in ileum and greater than 2 cm
,◍ sialadenitis.
Answer: inflammation of the salivary glands → seen in viral or bacterial
infection (viral = mumps); trauma; autoimmune
◍ Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to
form.
Answer: 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate
◍ Nutmeg Liver from CHF.
Answer: photo
◍ mucocele.
Answer: mucus patch inside salivary duct
◍ Foramen Ovale.
Answer: Normal before birth: Blood moves R to L atrium bypassing the
lungs.
◍ chronic idiopathic gastritis.
Answer: affects antral area and associated with cancer and ulcer
◍ carcinoma.
Answer: MALIGNANT tumor of epithelial tissue
◍ Type I (Immediate/Hypersensitivity).
Answer: Mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytesGenetic or
hereditary linkage IgE response to antigens (allergens)respond to antigen
produce an IgE antibodyhigh IgE levelsAka immediate
hypersensitivity15-30 mins after exposure to antigen/allergenIgE principle
mediating antibodyMast cells and basophils principle effector cellsIgE binds
to Fc receptors on mast cells, exposed to antigen w/ cross-linkIncreased
intracellular Ca+ : massive, local mast cell degranulation of
proinflammatory mediatorsIgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells
following antigen binding and cross-linking of IgEDisease examples
include: allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis
◍ during apoptosis, an enzyme called caspases is activated.
, Answer: by mitochondrial pathway ○ or the extrinsic death receptor
pathway → most cells have "death receptors" on the cell membrane that are
usually receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of molecules
◍ cadmium poisoning.
Answer: from batteries and fertilizers contaminating soil / causes obstructive
lung disease and kidney damage
◍ troponins.
Answer: only found in cardiac tissue cTnI in heart muscle → rises over 3-6
hours, peaks at 24 hours post-MI event, normalizes in 7-10 days
◍ How is sodium and intravascular blood volume modulated?.
Answer: RAAS-renin secreted by kidneys when BP in afferent arterioles is
low → renin excretion production angiotensin I then angiotensin II →
angiotensin II increases vascular smooth muscle tone → increased
aldosterone secretion which increases renal sodium absorption
◍ Benign Tumors.
Answer: attach "-oma" to the cell type from which it arises
◍ stroke sequelae.
Answer: motor and sensory deficits → language deficits → cognitive
deficits
◍ What is metastasis?.
Answer: identifying hallmark of malignancy-ability to metastasize varies
widely
◍ HIV and AIDS affect on CD8+ T cells.
Answer: Reverses CD4:CD8 ratioCD8 T-cells play a crucial role in
controlling HIV replication during the early phase of infection. HIV-specific
CD8 T-cells are targeted at the dominant viral variant and their emergence is
associated with a rapid fall in viral load before the development of an
antibody response.A majority of the CD8 T-cells generated during primary
infection die within a few weeks, leaving a reservoir of HIV-specific CD8
memory T-cells that will persist, regardless of the presence of antigen or
, CD4 helper T-cells. Researchers have found that viral load is better
controlled in people whose HIV-specific CD8 T-cells mature fully into
'effector memory' T-cells.1 2 Need more of these for survival (this amount
increases in the patient with HIV)
◍ A patient is having a reaction to a bee sting. Which type of hypersensitivity
reaction does the nurse expect to see documented in the patient's chart?.
Answer: Type 1 typical allergic responses are characterized as type one
hypersensitivity reactions.
◍ respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Answer: highly contagious single stranded RNA virus
◍ TB disease vs infection.
Answer: organism has the ability to remain dormant but viable for decades
in the body
◍ nutrition supplementation.
Answer: always use the GI tract (when practical) to improve caloric intake
→ parenteral feedings are a poor substitute
◍ mechanisms of bacterial injury.
Answer: adherence, invasion of cells and tissues, secretion and distribution
of toxins
◍ multiple sclerosis symptoms.
Answer: are slowly progressive → the disease is marked by exacerbations
and remissions / may include double vision, weakness, poor coordination,
sensory deficits; bowel and bladder control may be lost; memory
impairment is common
◍ Renal Hypertension.
Answer: decreased renal blood flow- causing over production of renin
◍ acid fast bacteria.
Answer: will not show up on gram stain → includes Mycobacterium
◍ thermal injuries: metabolic changes.
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ What type of cells secrete plasminogen activator inhibitors?.
Answer: endothelial cells
◍ hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease).
Answer: autosomal dominant disease ○ malformations made of dilated
capillaries and veins are widely distributed over skin and mucous
membranes → can rupture leading to GI bleeding, hematuria, epistaxis
◍ second most common cause of pneumonia in patients with COPD, tends
toward elderly.
Answer: Moraxella catarrhalis [CAP (acute)]
◍ dementia.
Answer: progressive deterioration and continuing decline of memory and
other cognitive changes
◍ compensatory hyperplasia.
Answer: tissue grows back after loss of part of an organexample: liver
regeneration
◍ enterotoxins produced by which strains of bacteria?.
Answer: S. aureus, V. cholerae, C. difficile
◍ which carcinoid syndrome location and size has the greatest malignant
potential?.
Answer: those in ileum and greater than 2 cm
,◍ sialadenitis.
Answer: inflammation of the salivary glands → seen in viral or bacterial
infection (viral = mumps); trauma; autoimmune
◍ Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to
form.
Answer: 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate
◍ Nutmeg Liver from CHF.
Answer: photo
◍ mucocele.
Answer: mucus patch inside salivary duct
◍ Foramen Ovale.
Answer: Normal before birth: Blood moves R to L atrium bypassing the
lungs.
◍ chronic idiopathic gastritis.
Answer: affects antral area and associated with cancer and ulcer
◍ carcinoma.
Answer: MALIGNANT tumor of epithelial tissue
◍ Type I (Immediate/Hypersensitivity).
Answer: Mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytesGenetic or
hereditary linkage IgE response to antigens (allergens)respond to antigen
produce an IgE antibodyhigh IgE levelsAka immediate
hypersensitivity15-30 mins after exposure to antigen/allergenIgE principle
mediating antibodyMast cells and basophils principle effector cellsIgE binds
to Fc receptors on mast cells, exposed to antigen w/ cross-linkIncreased
intracellular Ca+ : massive, local mast cell degranulation of
proinflammatory mediatorsIgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells
following antigen binding and cross-linking of IgEDisease examples
include: allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis
◍ during apoptosis, an enzyme called caspases is activated.
, Answer: by mitochondrial pathway ○ or the extrinsic death receptor
pathway → most cells have "death receptors" on the cell membrane that are
usually receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of molecules
◍ cadmium poisoning.
Answer: from batteries and fertilizers contaminating soil / causes obstructive
lung disease and kidney damage
◍ troponins.
Answer: only found in cardiac tissue cTnI in heart muscle → rises over 3-6
hours, peaks at 24 hours post-MI event, normalizes in 7-10 days
◍ How is sodium and intravascular blood volume modulated?.
Answer: RAAS-renin secreted by kidneys when BP in afferent arterioles is
low → renin excretion production angiotensin I then angiotensin II →
angiotensin II increases vascular smooth muscle tone → increased
aldosterone secretion which increases renal sodium absorption
◍ Benign Tumors.
Answer: attach "-oma" to the cell type from which it arises
◍ stroke sequelae.
Answer: motor and sensory deficits → language deficits → cognitive
deficits
◍ What is metastasis?.
Answer: identifying hallmark of malignancy-ability to metastasize varies
widely
◍ HIV and AIDS affect on CD8+ T cells.
Answer: Reverses CD4:CD8 ratioCD8 T-cells play a crucial role in
controlling HIV replication during the early phase of infection. HIV-specific
CD8 T-cells are targeted at the dominant viral variant and their emergence is
associated with a rapid fall in viral load before the development of an
antibody response.A majority of the CD8 T-cells generated during primary
infection die within a few weeks, leaving a reservoir of HIV-specific CD8
memory T-cells that will persist, regardless of the presence of antigen or
, CD4 helper T-cells. Researchers have found that viral load is better
controlled in people whose HIV-specific CD8 T-cells mature fully into
'effector memory' T-cells.1 2 Need more of these for survival (this amount
increases in the patient with HIV)
◍ A patient is having a reaction to a bee sting. Which type of hypersensitivity
reaction does the nurse expect to see documented in the patient's chart?.
Answer: Type 1 typical allergic responses are characterized as type one
hypersensitivity reactions.
◍ respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Answer: highly contagious single stranded RNA virus
◍ TB disease vs infection.
Answer: organism has the ability to remain dormant but viable for decades
in the body
◍ nutrition supplementation.
Answer: always use the GI tract (when practical) to improve caloric intake
→ parenteral feedings are a poor substitute
◍ mechanisms of bacterial injury.
Answer: adherence, invasion of cells and tissues, secretion and distribution
of toxins
◍ multiple sclerosis symptoms.
Answer: are slowly progressive → the disease is marked by exacerbations
and remissions / may include double vision, weakness, poor coordination,
sensory deficits; bowel and bladder control may be lost; memory
impairment is common
◍ Renal Hypertension.
Answer: decreased renal blood flow- causing over production of renin
◍ acid fast bacteria.
Answer: will not show up on gram stain → includes Mycobacterium
◍ thermal injuries: metabolic changes.
