NSG5140 Week 10 Final Exam –Actual Questions Advanced Pathophysiology – South
College (2026 Update) latest update this year instant pdf download
📌 About the NSG5140 Final Exam
Course: NSG5140 – Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: South College
Exam Type: Week 10 Final Exam (Cumulative)
Format: Multiple-choice, scenario-based questions
Focus Areas: Cellular adaptations, inflammation, immunity, genetics, fluid/electrolyte/acid-
base, neuropathophysiology, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, endocrine, and
gastrointestinal pathophysiology.
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation & Injury (Questions 1-15)
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular wall thickening.
Which mechanism best explains this adaptation?
,A) Increased myocyte number due to cell division
B) Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
C) Replacement of cardiac cells with fibrous tissue
D) Transformation of cardiac cells into smooth muscle
Answer: B
Rationale: Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and respond to increased
workload (afterload) by hypertrophy (increased cell size), not hyperplasia.
2. Which of the following is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A) Nuclear pyknosis
B) Cellular swelling
C) Karyorrhexis
D) Apoptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and
cell swelling. This occurs before irreversible changes like nuclear pyknosis or karyorrhexis.
3. A 65-year-old male with chronic heart failure presents with worsening dyspnea and
peripheral edema. Which cellular adaptation is most likely occurring in his
myocardial tissue?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Hypertrophy
,Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size due to increased workload, as
seen in myocardial cells responding to chronic pressure overload.
4. Which organ is most susceptible to ischemia?
A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Brain
D) Skeletal muscle
Answer: C
Rationale: The brain is highly metabolically active and has minimal energy stores, making it
the organ most vulnerable to ischemic injury.
5. In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell due to their role in
oxidative phosphorylation, ATP generation, and housing the TCA cycle and fatty acid
oxidation pathways.
6. Which process best explains tissue enlargement caused by an increased number
of cells?
, A) Hyperplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Dysplasia
D) Necrosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, often in response to hormonal
or growth signals.
7. A patient with prolonged ischemia shows swelling of mitochondria and dilation of
the endoplasmic reticulum. Which phase of cell injury does this represent?
A) Irreversible injury; massive calcium influx
B) Reversible injury; depletion of ATP leading to failure of ion pumps
C) Necroptosis; activation of receptor-interacting protein kinases
D) Apoptosis; cytochrome c release from mitochondria
Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling with mitochondrial and ER changes is characteristic of
reversible injury, primarily due to ATP depletion causing failure of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and
subsequent intracellular edema.
8. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A) Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B) Programmed cell death with minimal inflammation
C) Necrosis due to ischemia
D) Cellular swelling leading to rupture
College (2026 Update) latest update this year instant pdf download
📌 About the NSG5140 Final Exam
Course: NSG5140 – Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution: South College
Exam Type: Week 10 Final Exam (Cumulative)
Format: Multiple-choice, scenario-based questions
Focus Areas: Cellular adaptations, inflammation, immunity, genetics, fluid/electrolyte/acid-
base, neuropathophysiology, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, endocrine, and
gastrointestinal pathophysiology.
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation & Injury (Questions 1-15)
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular wall thickening.
Which mechanism best explains this adaptation?
,A) Increased myocyte number due to cell division
B) Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
C) Replacement of cardiac cells with fibrous tissue
D) Transformation of cardiac cells into smooth muscle
Answer: B
Rationale: Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and respond to increased
workload (afterload) by hypertrophy (increased cell size), not hyperplasia.
2. Which of the following is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A) Nuclear pyknosis
B) Cellular swelling
C) Karyorrhexis
D) Apoptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and
cell swelling. This occurs before irreversible changes like nuclear pyknosis or karyorrhexis.
3. A 65-year-old male with chronic heart failure presents with worsening dyspnea and
peripheral edema. Which cellular adaptation is most likely occurring in his
myocardial tissue?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Hypertrophy
,Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size due to increased workload, as
seen in myocardial cells responding to chronic pressure overload.
4. Which organ is most susceptible to ischemia?
A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Brain
D) Skeletal muscle
Answer: C
Rationale: The brain is highly metabolically active and has minimal energy stores, making it
the organ most vulnerable to ischemic injury.
5. In which organelle do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur?
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell due to their role in
oxidative phosphorylation, ATP generation, and housing the TCA cycle and fatty acid
oxidation pathways.
6. Which process best explains tissue enlargement caused by an increased number
of cells?
, A) Hyperplasia
B) Atrophy
C) Dysplasia
D) Necrosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, often in response to hormonal
or growth signals.
7. A patient with prolonged ischemia shows swelling of mitochondria and dilation of
the endoplasmic reticulum. Which phase of cell injury does this represent?
A) Irreversible injury; massive calcium influx
B) Reversible injury; depletion of ATP leading to failure of ion pumps
C) Necroptosis; activation of receptor-interacting protein kinases
D) Apoptosis; cytochrome c release from mitochondria
Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling with mitochondrial and ER changes is characteristic of
reversible injury, primarily due to ATP depletion causing failure of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and
subsequent intracellular edema.
8. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
A) Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B) Programmed cell death with minimal inflammation
C) Necrosis due to ischemia
D) Cellular swelling leading to rupture
