,BIOD152/BIOD 152 Module 2 Exam | Essential Human
Anatomy & Physiology II with Lab | Portage Learning | Q & A |
2026/2027 Edition (PDF)
1. Which of the following best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
A) To filter waste products from the blood
B) To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
C) To regulate body temperature through sweat production
D) To produce hormones that regulate metabolism
Correct Answer: To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
Rationale: The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
waste products throughout the body via the blood. The urinary system filters waste, the integumentary
system regulates temperature, and the endocrine system produces hormones.
2. What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting with the vena cava?
A) Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left
ventricle → aorta
B) Right ventricle → right atrium → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left ventricle → left
atrium → aorta
C) Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle →
pulmonary artery
D) Right atrium → left atrium → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → right ventricle → left
ventricle → aorta
Correct Answer: Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left
atrium → left ventricle → aorta
Rationale: Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the vena cava, flows to the right ventricle,
and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary
vein to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta.
,3. Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contractile force of the heart muscle?
A) Epicardium
B) Myocardium
C) Endocardium
D) Pericardium
Correct Answer: Myocardium
Rationale: The myocardium is the middle, thickest layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac
muscle tissue responsible for the heart's contractile force. The epicardium is the outer layer, the
endocardium lines the chambers, and the pericardium is the sac surrounding the heart.
4. The coronary arteries branch off from which major vessel?
A) Pulmonary artery
B) Pulmonary vein
C) Aorta
D) Superior vena cava
Correct Answer: Aorta
Rationale: The coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta just above the aortic valve. They
supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the
lungs.
5. Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is TRUE?
A) The atria contract simultaneously with the ventricles
B) The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization
C) The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization
D) The T wave represents atrial repolarization
, Correct Answer: The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization
Rationale: The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of the
ventricles, which triggers ventricular contraction. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, and the T
wave represents ventricular repolarization.
6. Which component of the heart's conduction system is known as the "pacemaker" of the heart?
A) Atrioventricular (AV) node
B) Sinoatrial (SA) node
C) Bundle of His
D) Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: Sinoatrial (SA) node
Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, generates the electrical impulses that
initiate each heartbeat and is therefore known as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
7. What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
A) To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction
B) To prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation
C) To regulate blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
D) To regulate blood flow between the left ventricle and the aorta
Correct Answer: To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular
contraction
Rationale: The AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the
atria when the ventricles contract. The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from
the arteries into the ventricles.
Anatomy & Physiology II with Lab | Portage Learning | Q & A |
2026/2027 Edition (PDF)
1. Which of the following best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
A) To filter waste products from the blood
B) To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
C) To regulate body temperature through sweat production
D) To produce hormones that regulate metabolism
Correct Answer: To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
Rationale: The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
waste products throughout the body via the blood. The urinary system filters waste, the integumentary
system regulates temperature, and the endocrine system produces hormones.
2. What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart, starting with the vena cava?
A) Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left
ventricle → aorta
B) Right ventricle → right atrium → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left ventricle → left
atrium → aorta
C) Left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body → vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle →
pulmonary artery
D) Right atrium → left atrium → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → right ventricle → left
ventricle → aorta
Correct Answer: Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left
atrium → left ventricle → aorta
Rationale: Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the vena cava, flows to the right ventricle,
and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary
vein to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta.
,3. Which layer of the heart is responsible for the contractile force of the heart muscle?
A) Epicardium
B) Myocardium
C) Endocardium
D) Pericardium
Correct Answer: Myocardium
Rationale: The myocardium is the middle, thickest layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac
muscle tissue responsible for the heart's contractile force. The epicardium is the outer layer, the
endocardium lines the chambers, and the pericardium is the sac surrounding the heart.
4. The coronary arteries branch off from which major vessel?
A) Pulmonary artery
B) Pulmonary vein
C) Aorta
D) Superior vena cava
Correct Answer: Aorta
Rationale: The coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta just above the aortic valve. They
supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the
lungs.
5. Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is TRUE?
A) The atria contract simultaneously with the ventricles
B) The P wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization
C) The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization
D) The T wave represents atrial repolarization
, Correct Answer: The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization
Rationale: The QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the depolarization of the
ventricles, which triggers ventricular contraction. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, and the T
wave represents ventricular repolarization.
6. Which component of the heart's conduction system is known as the "pacemaker" of the heart?
A) Atrioventricular (AV) node
B) Sinoatrial (SA) node
C) Bundle of His
D) Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer: Sinoatrial (SA) node
Rationale: The sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, generates the electrical impulses that
initiate each heartbeat and is therefore known as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
7. What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
A) To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular contraction
B) To prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation
C) To regulate blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
D) To regulate blood flow between the left ventricle and the aorta
Correct Answer: To prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular
contraction
Rationale: The AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the
atria when the ventricles contract. The semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from
the arteries into the ventricles.
