NUR 228 FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE QUESTIONS &
STUDY GUIDE LATEST EDITION (2026-27)
1. Describe the significance of the resolution phase in the immune response to an infection.
The resolution phase involves the production of more immune cells.
The resolution phase marks the beginning of a new infection.
The resolution phase indicatesthatthe infection hasbeencleared and
normal physiological function is restored.
The resolution phase is when inflammation begins to increase.
2. Adelayedhypersensitivityreaction(develops in sensitizedindividual 24-48 hoursafter
contactwith antigen) is classified as:
Type IV:
Type II:
Type I:
Type III:
3. Which of the following statements defines exudate?
Theescapeof fluidfrombloodvessels orlymphaticsandits collection
inabodycavityorintissues.
A type of whitebloodcellthat is used todiagnose systemiclupus erythematosus
..
(SLE).
Atypeoffluidthataccumulatesinthecavitiesofthe bodyandis composedof
highlevelsofprotein,inflammatorycells,andother substances.
, A type of fluid that accumulates in the cavities of the body and is
composed primarily of waterand smallamounts of electrolytes and protein.
4. Infected mothers can transmitviral infections to offspring:
In utero, duringdeliverythrough infected birthcanal, andafter birth by
ingestion of breast milk
In utero
After birth by ingestion of breast milk
During delivery through infected birth canal
5. are cells that release histamine in an IgE hypersensitivity response.
Mast cells
T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
6. Describe how increased vascularpermeability contributes to the inflammatory
response.
Increased vascularpermeability reduces blood flow to the injured area.
Increasedvascularpermeabilityallowsfluidandimmunecellsto enter
tissues, facilitating the inflammatory response.
Increased vascularpermeability onlyaffects blood flow, not immune response.
Increased vascularpermeability prevents immune cells from reaching the site of
injury.
,7. Describe the significance of phagocytosis in the immune response.
Phagocytosis only occurs in the presence of antibodies.
Phagocytosisiscrucialforengulfinganddestroyingpathogens, thereby
preventinginfectionandpromotinghealing.
Phagocytosis is primarily involved in the production of antibodies.
Phagocytosis is a process that only occurs in the lymphatic system.
8. Describetherole of neutrophils inType III hypersensitivityreactions.
Neutrophils suppress the immune response to prevent tissue damage.
Neutrophils activate complement proteins to enhance the immune response.
Neutrophils produce antibodies that neutralize the antigens involved inthe
reaction.
Neutrophilsare recruitedtothe siteof immunecomplexdeposition, wherethey
attempttophagocytizethecomplexes, leadingto
inflammation and tissue damage.
9. What is the primary action of bactericidal medications?
Kill bacteria
Enhance immune response
Promote bacterial reproduction
Inhibit bacterial growth
10. What is the primary indication that an infection has been resolved in the immune
response?
New immune cells are produced.
, Symptoms of the infection remain.
Inflammation persists.
The body has returned to normal.
11. What is the primarychange in symptoms during the decline stage of an infection?
Symptoms worsen
Symptoms become more severe
Symptoms lessen
Symptoms remain the same
12. Describe the relationship between vascular collapse and anaphylaxis in the contextof
theimmuneresponse.
Vascularcollapse occurs as aresult of anaphylaxis, where severe allergic
reactions lead toacriticaldrop in blood pressure.
Vascularcollapse is a normal response to minorallergic reactions.
Vascularcollapse is unrelated to anaphylaxis and occurs due to dehydration.
Vascularcollapse is a condition that only occurs in autoimmune disorders.
13. What are the three main approaches to manage infections during pregnancy?
Vaccination, herbal remedies, and rest
Monitoring, pharmacological treatments, and preventive measures
Antibiotics, blood transfusions, and isolation
STUDY GUIDE LATEST EDITION (2026-27)
1. Describe the significance of the resolution phase in the immune response to an infection.
The resolution phase involves the production of more immune cells.
The resolution phase marks the beginning of a new infection.
The resolution phase indicatesthatthe infection hasbeencleared and
normal physiological function is restored.
The resolution phase is when inflammation begins to increase.
2. Adelayedhypersensitivityreaction(develops in sensitizedindividual 24-48 hoursafter
contactwith antigen) is classified as:
Type IV:
Type II:
Type I:
Type III:
3. Which of the following statements defines exudate?
Theescapeof fluidfrombloodvessels orlymphaticsandits collection
inabodycavityorintissues.
A type of whitebloodcellthat is used todiagnose systemiclupus erythematosus
..
(SLE).
Atypeoffluidthataccumulatesinthecavitiesofthe bodyandis composedof
highlevelsofprotein,inflammatorycells,andother substances.
, A type of fluid that accumulates in the cavities of the body and is
composed primarily of waterand smallamounts of electrolytes and protein.
4. Infected mothers can transmitviral infections to offspring:
In utero, duringdeliverythrough infected birthcanal, andafter birth by
ingestion of breast milk
In utero
After birth by ingestion of breast milk
During delivery through infected birth canal
5. are cells that release histamine in an IgE hypersensitivity response.
Mast cells
T cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
6. Describe how increased vascularpermeability contributes to the inflammatory
response.
Increased vascularpermeability reduces blood flow to the injured area.
Increasedvascularpermeabilityallowsfluidandimmunecellsto enter
tissues, facilitating the inflammatory response.
Increased vascularpermeability onlyaffects blood flow, not immune response.
Increased vascularpermeability prevents immune cells from reaching the site of
injury.
,7. Describe the significance of phagocytosis in the immune response.
Phagocytosis only occurs in the presence of antibodies.
Phagocytosisiscrucialforengulfinganddestroyingpathogens, thereby
preventinginfectionandpromotinghealing.
Phagocytosis is primarily involved in the production of antibodies.
Phagocytosis is a process that only occurs in the lymphatic system.
8. Describetherole of neutrophils inType III hypersensitivityreactions.
Neutrophils suppress the immune response to prevent tissue damage.
Neutrophils activate complement proteins to enhance the immune response.
Neutrophils produce antibodies that neutralize the antigens involved inthe
reaction.
Neutrophilsare recruitedtothe siteof immunecomplexdeposition, wherethey
attempttophagocytizethecomplexes, leadingto
inflammation and tissue damage.
9. What is the primary action of bactericidal medications?
Kill bacteria
Enhance immune response
Promote bacterial reproduction
Inhibit bacterial growth
10. What is the primary indication that an infection has been resolved in the immune
response?
New immune cells are produced.
, Symptoms of the infection remain.
Inflammation persists.
The body has returned to normal.
11. What is the primarychange in symptoms during the decline stage of an infection?
Symptoms worsen
Symptoms become more severe
Symptoms lessen
Symptoms remain the same
12. Describe the relationship between vascular collapse and anaphylaxis in the contextof
theimmuneresponse.
Vascularcollapse occurs as aresult of anaphylaxis, where severe allergic
reactions lead toacriticaldrop in blood pressure.
Vascularcollapse is a normal response to minorallergic reactions.
Vascularcollapse is unrelated to anaphylaxis and occurs due to dehydration.
Vascularcollapse is a condition that only occurs in autoimmune disorders.
13. What are the three main approaches to manage infections during pregnancy?
Vaccination, herbal remedies, and rest
Monitoring, pharmacological treatments, and preventive measures
Antibiotics, blood transfusions, and isolation
