MSN 621 Respiratory
2026/2027 Exam Questions and
Correct Answers | New Update
______ usually presents in childhood and is associated with other
features of atopy, such as eczema and hayfever. - ANSWER
✔✔asthma
Who is at highest risk for asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔genetic
predisposition, specifically a personal or family history of atopy
(propensity to allergy, usually seen as eczema, hay fever, and asthma)
What are some triggers to asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔Viral respiratory
tract infections
,Exercise
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Chronic sinusitis
Environmental allergens
Use of aspirin, beta-blockers
Tobacco smoke
Insects, plants, chemical fumes
Obesity
Emotional factors or stress
Asthma is significantly more common in children. Up to 40% of children
will have a wheeze at some point, which, if reversible by ______, is
termed asthma, regardless of lung function tests. - ANSWER
✔✔beta-2 agonists
Describe ages for asthma. - ANSWER ✔✔In childhood, asthma is
more common in boys with a male to female ratio of 2:1 until puberty
when the ratio becomes 1:1. After puberty, the prevalence of asthma is
greater in females, and adult-onset cases after the age of 40 years are
mostly females. Asthma prevalence is greater in extreme of ages due to
airway responsiveness and lower levels of lung function. Of all the
,asthma cases, about 66% are diagnosed before the age of 18 years.
almost 50% of children with asthma have a decrease in severity or
disappearance of symptoms during early adulthood.
Describe the patho of asthma. - ANSWER ✔✔acute, fully reversible
airway inflammation
The pathological process begins with the inhalation of an irritant (e.g.,
cold air) or an allergen (e.g., pollen), which then, due to bronchial
hypersensitivity, leads to airway inflammation and an increase in mucus
production. This leads to a significant increase in airway resistance,
which is most pronounced on expiration.
Airway obstruction occurs due to the combination of:
-Inflammatory cell infiltration.
-Mucus hypersecretion with mucus plug formation.
-Smooth muscle contraction.
These irreversible changes may become irreversible over time due to
-Basement membrane thickening, collagen deposition, and epithelial
desquamation.
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, -Airway remodeling occurs in chronic disease with smooth muscle
hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
If not corrected rapidly, asthma may become more difficult to treat, as
the mucus production prevents the inhaled medication from reaching the
mucosa. The inflammation also becomes more edematous. This process
is resolved (in theory complete resolution is required in asthma, but in
practice, this is not checked or tested) with beta-2 agonists (e.g.,
salbutamol, salmeterol, albuterol) and can be aided by muscarinic
receptor antagonists (e.g., ipratropium bromide), which act to reduce the
inflammation and relax the bronchial musculature, as well as reducing
mucus production.
Describe the toxicokinetics in asthma. - ANSWER ✔✔The only
relevant toxicokinetics in asthma relates to its management as the
absorption and systemic side effects of the beta-2 agonists must be
monitored. Typically these will be removed from the body in 2 to 4 hours
if salbutamol and albuterol, 18 to 24 hours if salmeterol, or 48 to 72
hours if clenbuterol, which is no longer used in the management of
asthma.
2026/2027 Exam Questions and
Correct Answers | New Update
______ usually presents in childhood and is associated with other
features of atopy, such as eczema and hayfever. - ANSWER
✔✔asthma
Who is at highest risk for asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔genetic
predisposition, specifically a personal or family history of atopy
(propensity to allergy, usually seen as eczema, hay fever, and asthma)
What are some triggers to asthma? - ANSWER ✔✔Viral respiratory
tract infections
,Exercise
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Chronic sinusitis
Environmental allergens
Use of aspirin, beta-blockers
Tobacco smoke
Insects, plants, chemical fumes
Obesity
Emotional factors or stress
Asthma is significantly more common in children. Up to 40% of children
will have a wheeze at some point, which, if reversible by ______, is
termed asthma, regardless of lung function tests. - ANSWER
✔✔beta-2 agonists
Describe ages for asthma. - ANSWER ✔✔In childhood, asthma is
more common in boys with a male to female ratio of 2:1 until puberty
when the ratio becomes 1:1. After puberty, the prevalence of asthma is
greater in females, and adult-onset cases after the age of 40 years are
mostly females. Asthma prevalence is greater in extreme of ages due to
airway responsiveness and lower levels of lung function. Of all the
,asthma cases, about 66% are diagnosed before the age of 18 years.
almost 50% of children with asthma have a decrease in severity or
disappearance of symptoms during early adulthood.
Describe the patho of asthma. - ANSWER ✔✔acute, fully reversible
airway inflammation
The pathological process begins with the inhalation of an irritant (e.g.,
cold air) or an allergen (e.g., pollen), which then, due to bronchial
hypersensitivity, leads to airway inflammation and an increase in mucus
production. This leads to a significant increase in airway resistance,
which is most pronounced on expiration.
Airway obstruction occurs due to the combination of:
-Inflammatory cell infiltration.
-Mucus hypersecretion with mucus plug formation.
-Smooth muscle contraction.
These irreversible changes may become irreversible over time due to
-Basement membrane thickening, collagen deposition, and epithelial
desquamation.
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, -Airway remodeling occurs in chronic disease with smooth muscle
hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
If not corrected rapidly, asthma may become more difficult to treat, as
the mucus production prevents the inhaled medication from reaching the
mucosa. The inflammation also becomes more edematous. This process
is resolved (in theory complete resolution is required in asthma, but in
practice, this is not checked or tested) with beta-2 agonists (e.g.,
salbutamol, salmeterol, albuterol) and can be aided by muscarinic
receptor antagonists (e.g., ipratropium bromide), which act to reduce the
inflammation and relax the bronchial musculature, as well as reducing
mucus production.
Describe the toxicokinetics in asthma. - ANSWER ✔✔The only
relevant toxicokinetics in asthma relates to its management as the
absorption and systemic side effects of the beta-2 agonists must be
monitored. Typically these will be removed from the body in 2 to 4 hours
if salbutamol and albuterol, 18 to 24 hours if salmeterol, or 48 to 72
hours if clenbuterol, which is no longer used in the management of
asthma.
