,BIOD 152 Module 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 & Final Exam | A&P
II w/Lab Q&A | Portage Learning
Module 1
1. Which statement best describes the relationship between anatomy and
physiology?
A) Anatomy studies body functions, and physiology studies structure.
B) Anatomy and physiology are unrelated disciplines.
C) Physiology depends on the underlying anatomy.
D) Anatomy determines the rate of metabolic reactions.
Correct Answer: C) Physiology depends on the underlying anatomy.
Rationale: Anatomy focuses on body structure; physiology examines how those
structures function together. The function of an organ or tissue is always
dependent on its structure. Options A and B are factually incorrect; option D is
not a general definition.
2. The central nervous system (CNS) includes which of the following structures?
A) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Sensory receptors in the skin
D) Autonomic ganglia
Correct Answer: B) Brain and spinal cord
,Rationale: The CNS consists exclusively of the brain and spinal cord. Cranial
nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors, and autonomic ganglia belong to the
peripheral nervous system (PNS). This distinction is fundamental to
neuroanatomy.
3. A neuron that transmits signals from the central nervous system to a skeletal
muscle is classified as:
A) Afferent and somatic
B) Efferent and autonomic
C) Afferent and autonomic
D) Efferent and somatic
Correct Answer: D) Efferent and somatic
Rationale: Efferent (motor) neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to
effectors. Somatic efferent neurons specifically innervate skeletal muscles,
enabling voluntary movement. Afferent neurons carry sensory information
toward the CNS.
4. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system primarily:
A) Stimulates digestion and conserves energy
B) Prepares the body for vigorous activity and stress
C) Controls voluntary muscle movements
D) Regulates the release of digestive enzymes
Correct Answer: B) Prepares the body for vigorous activity and stress
, Rationale: The sympathetic division triggers the “fight or flight” response,
increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores. The
parasympathetic division promotes digestion and conservation of energy.
Voluntary muscles are controlled by the somatic system.
5. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for which function?
A) Increasing heart rate during exercise
B) Dilating bronchioles in the lungs
C) Stimulating digestion and conserving energy
D) Activating sweat glands
Correct Answer: C) Stimulating digestion and conserving energy
Rationale: The parasympathetic division dominates during “rest and digest”
activities, enhancing gastrointestinal motility and secretion while reducing
energy expenditure. Sympathetic activation causes the opposite effects
described in the other options.
6. The brain is protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is protected by the:
A) Meninges only
B) Cerebrospinal fluid only
C) Vertebrae
D) Blood-brain barrier
Correct Answer: C) Vertebrae
II w/Lab Q&A | Portage Learning
Module 1
1. Which statement best describes the relationship between anatomy and
physiology?
A) Anatomy studies body functions, and physiology studies structure.
B) Anatomy and physiology are unrelated disciplines.
C) Physiology depends on the underlying anatomy.
D) Anatomy determines the rate of metabolic reactions.
Correct Answer: C) Physiology depends on the underlying anatomy.
Rationale: Anatomy focuses on body structure; physiology examines how those
structures function together. The function of an organ or tissue is always
dependent on its structure. Options A and B are factually incorrect; option D is
not a general definition.
2. The central nervous system (CNS) includes which of the following structures?
A) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Sensory receptors in the skin
D) Autonomic ganglia
Correct Answer: B) Brain and spinal cord
,Rationale: The CNS consists exclusively of the brain and spinal cord. Cranial
nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors, and autonomic ganglia belong to the
peripheral nervous system (PNS). This distinction is fundamental to
neuroanatomy.
3. A neuron that transmits signals from the central nervous system to a skeletal
muscle is classified as:
A) Afferent and somatic
B) Efferent and autonomic
C) Afferent and autonomic
D) Efferent and somatic
Correct Answer: D) Efferent and somatic
Rationale: Efferent (motor) neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to
effectors. Somatic efferent neurons specifically innervate skeletal muscles,
enabling voluntary movement. Afferent neurons carry sensory information
toward the CNS.
4. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system primarily:
A) Stimulates digestion and conserves energy
B) Prepares the body for vigorous activity and stress
C) Controls voluntary muscle movements
D) Regulates the release of digestive enzymes
Correct Answer: B) Prepares the body for vigorous activity and stress
, Rationale: The sympathetic division triggers the “fight or flight” response,
increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores. The
parasympathetic division promotes digestion and conservation of energy.
Voluntary muscles are controlled by the somatic system.
5. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for which function?
A) Increasing heart rate during exercise
B) Dilating bronchioles in the lungs
C) Stimulating digestion and conserving energy
D) Activating sweat glands
Correct Answer: C) Stimulating digestion and conserving energy
Rationale: The parasympathetic division dominates during “rest and digest”
activities, enhancing gastrointestinal motility and secretion while reducing
energy expenditure. Sympathetic activation causes the opposite effects
described in the other options.
6. The brain is protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is protected by the:
A) Meninges only
B) Cerebrospinal fluid only
C) Vertebrae
D) Blood-brain barrier
Correct Answer: C) Vertebrae
