NSG 533 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 1 - Module One 2026 update|
comprehensive questions and verified
answers (complete solutions) Exam|
GRADE A+!!
Pathophysiology - answer-the study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease
etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and outcomes - answer-
What are the five components of disease?
epidemiology - answer-risk factors and distribution in populations
etiology - answer-causative mechanisms
pathogenesis - answer-disease mechanisms
clinical manifestations - answer-signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria
outcomes - answer-cure, remission, chronicity, or death
etiology - answer-The "why" of the disease, what is the reason for it. May be complex or
straight forward
idiopathic - answer-also called cryptogenic, known in cause or origin
iatrogenic - answer-occurs as a results of a medical or surgical intervention (e.g. yeast
infection after getting antibiotics)
epidemiology - answer-this looks at the patterns of disease among groups or
populations. this complement represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics and looks at the incidence or prevalence of diease
incidence - answer-the number of new cases occurring in a given population with a
given time period - usually a year. can be expressed as a percentage
prevalence - answer-involves the number of cases existing (both old and new) at a
given time period. Can be expressed as a percentage
, pathogenesis - answer-involves the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus events and the manifestations of the disease.
clinical manifestations - answer-it is what tells an individual and their HCP that
something is wrong. Also called "signs and symptoms'
primary prevention - answer-directed towards preventing the initial occurrence of a
disorder
Secondary and tertiary prevention - answer-(2 terms) these seek to arrest or retard
existing disease and its effect through early detection and appropriate treatment - or to
reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions
at the cellular or sub-cellular level - answer-Where does all disease begin?
lethal (irreversible) and non-lethal (reversible) - answer-What are the two types of cell
injury?
ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intercellular calcium and loss
of calcium steady state, and defects in membrane permeability - answer-What are the
four categories of stressors that cause disease?
by their mechanisms of action - answer-How are the four categories of stressors that
cause disease differentiated?
ATP depletion - answer-Which of the stressors causes the most disease?
impaired energy function involving hypoxia - answer-What do most of the ATP depletion
cases involve?
the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy (ATP), to fuel the normal activities of
that particular cell type (e.g. cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- answer-What is ATP depletion?
Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction of cell 22
membranes and cell structure - answer-What is oxygen and oxygen-derived free
radicals?
Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very low; ischemia and
certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels
of Ca++ continue to increase with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes
intracellular damage by activating a number of enzymes - answer-What is intercellular
calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
Exam 1 - Module One 2026 update|
comprehensive questions and verified
answers (complete solutions) Exam|
GRADE A+!!
Pathophysiology - answer-the study of human physiologic dysfunction in disease
etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and outcomes - answer-
What are the five components of disease?
epidemiology - answer-risk factors and distribution in populations
etiology - answer-causative mechanisms
pathogenesis - answer-disease mechanisms
clinical manifestations - answer-signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria
outcomes - answer-cure, remission, chronicity, or death
etiology - answer-The "why" of the disease, what is the reason for it. May be complex or
straight forward
idiopathic - answer-also called cryptogenic, known in cause or origin
iatrogenic - answer-occurs as a results of a medical or surgical intervention (e.g. yeast
infection after getting antibiotics)
epidemiology - answer-this looks at the patterns of disease among groups or
populations. this complement represents the relationship between numerous population
characteristics and looks at the incidence or prevalence of diease
incidence - answer-the number of new cases occurring in a given population with a
given time period - usually a year. can be expressed as a percentage
prevalence - answer-involves the number of cases existing (both old and new) at a
given time period. Can be expressed as a percentage
, pathogenesis - answer-involves the sequence of events that occurs between the
stimulus events and the manifestations of the disease.
clinical manifestations - answer-it is what tells an individual and their HCP that
something is wrong. Also called "signs and symptoms'
primary prevention - answer-directed towards preventing the initial occurrence of a
disorder
Secondary and tertiary prevention - answer-(2 terms) these seek to arrest or retard
existing disease and its effect through early detection and appropriate treatment - or to
reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions
at the cellular or sub-cellular level - answer-Where does all disease begin?
lethal (irreversible) and non-lethal (reversible) - answer-What are the two types of cell
injury?
ATP depletion, oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals, intercellular calcium and loss
of calcium steady state, and defects in membrane permeability - answer-What are the
four categories of stressors that cause disease?
by their mechanisms of action - answer-How are the four categories of stressors that
cause disease differentiated?
ATP depletion - answer-Which of the stressors causes the most disease?
impaired energy function involving hypoxia - answer-What do most of the ATP depletion
cases involve?
the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy (ATP), to fuel the normal activities of
that particular cell type (e.g. cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function.
- answer-What is ATP depletion?
Lack of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced blood supply);
activated oxygen species (free radicals, H O , , NO) cause destruction of cell 22
membranes and cell structure - answer-What is oxygen and oxygen-derived free
radicals?
Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are very low; ischemia and
certain chemicals cause an increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentrations; sustained levels
of Ca++ continue to increase with damage to plasma membrane; Ca++ causes
intracellular damage by activating a number of enzymes - answer-What is intercellular
calcium and loss of calcium steady state?
