Nurs 5315 Adv Patho Exam 1
2026/2027 Expert Verifed Ace
the Test
Atrophy - ANSWER ✔✔E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
,Hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of
local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ANSWER ✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate,
severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
,Metaplasia - ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker
or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ANSWER ✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ANSWER ✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ANSWER ✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - ANSWER ✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated
with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - ANSWER ✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ANSWER ✔✔accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
2026/2027 Expert Verifed Ace
the Test
Atrophy - ANSWER ✔✔E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular
organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
,Hyperplasia - ANSWER ✔✔E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of
local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - ANSWER ✔✔E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate,
severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
,Metaplasia - ANSWER ✔✔E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker
or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - ANSWER ✔✔E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - ANSWER ✔✔E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - ANSWER ✔✔E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - ANSWER ✔✔Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated
with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - ANSWER ✔✔intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can
lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - ANSWER ✔✔accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
