150 Comprehensive Practice Questions with Verified
Answers & Detailed Rationales | A+ Graded
Course: NURS 231 / BIOD 331 – Pathophysiology
Institution: Portage Learning / Higher Education Nursing Curriculum
Exam: Cumulative Final Assessment (Modules 1–10)
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Total Questions: 150
Format: Multiple Choice, True/False, Fill-in-the-Blank, Clinical Scenarios
Focus: Cellular Adaptation, Inflammation, Acid-Base, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal,
Endocrine, Neurological, Hematology
Emphasis: Concept Application, Clinical Reasoning, NGN-Style Scenarios
1. Hypertrophy is best defined as:
a) A decrease in cell size due to decreased workload
b) An increase in cell number due to hormonal stimulation
c) An increase in cell size due to increased workload
d) The replacement of one cell type with another
,2. A 55-year-old man with long-standing hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
a) Pathologic hyperplasia
b) Physiologic hypertrophy
c) Pathologic hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
a) Triggers an inflammatory response
b) Is always pathologic
c) Is programmed cell death without inflammation
d) Occurs only in cancer cells
4. Ischemia most directly affects which cellular process?
a) DNA replication
b) ATP production
, c) Protein synthesis
d) Cell division
5. Free radicals cause cellular injury by:
a) Increasing ATP production
b) Damaging cell membranes, proteins, and DNA
c) Promoting cellular repair
d) Enhancing immune function
6. A patient with prolonged ischemia to the kidney would develop which type of
necrosis?
a) Liquefactive necrosis
b) Coagulative necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fat necrosis
Answers & Detailed Rationales | A+ Graded
Course: NURS 231 / BIOD 331 – Pathophysiology
Institution: Portage Learning / Higher Education Nursing Curriculum
Exam: Cumulative Final Assessment (Modules 1–10)
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Total Questions: 150
Format: Multiple Choice, True/False, Fill-in-the-Blank, Clinical Scenarios
Focus: Cellular Adaptation, Inflammation, Acid-Base, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal,
Endocrine, Neurological, Hematology
Emphasis: Concept Application, Clinical Reasoning, NGN-Style Scenarios
1. Hypertrophy is best defined as:
a) A decrease in cell size due to decreased workload
b) An increase in cell number due to hormonal stimulation
c) An increase in cell size due to increased workload
d) The replacement of one cell type with another
,2. A 55-year-old man with long-standing hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
a) Pathologic hyperplasia
b) Physiologic hypertrophy
c) Pathologic hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
a) Triggers an inflammatory response
b) Is always pathologic
c) Is programmed cell death without inflammation
d) Occurs only in cancer cells
4. Ischemia most directly affects which cellular process?
a) DNA replication
b) ATP production
, c) Protein synthesis
d) Cell division
5. Free radicals cause cellular injury by:
a) Increasing ATP production
b) Damaging cell membranes, proteins, and DNA
c) Promoting cellular repair
d) Enhancing immune function
6. A patient with prolonged ischemia to the kidney would develop which type of
necrosis?
a) Liquefactive necrosis
b) Coagulative necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fat necrosis
