NR601 Exam Questions with Correct Answers
Beers Criteria includes five lists that describe certain medications
potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults
PIM use in older adults due to medication-disease or medication-syndrome interactions that
may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
medications to be used cautiously in older adults
clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in
older adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
when one medication systemically alters the potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction
result of a change due to one medication's effect on another medication's route of entry into
the body.
Distribution Interaction
caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available at the various target sites
Metabolism Interaction
concentration of the medication after biotransformation into active and inactive metabolites
in higher or lower than expected.
Elimination Interaction
the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by altering a metabolite from the
body.
, Pharmacodynamic Interactions
does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination because of the
one medication's ability to manipulate the effect of another medication at its site of action.
Cilia atrophy
increased risk of infection
the Hayflick limit
normal human cell can undergo mitosis 40-60 times before it can no longer divide
Telomeres
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protein structures that sit like caps on the end of chromosomal
strands. Telomeres protect the chromosomes in each cell from damage. Every time a cell
divides, the telomere shortens. This shortening leads to apoptosis (cell death), senescence
(deterioration with age), or oncogenic (cancer-causing) changes of the cell (Chakravarti et al.,
2021). Telomeres shorten with age, increasing the risk of DNA damage in the cell, which
leads to an increase in senescence and apoptosis
rule of fourths
functional decline in aging may be classified by using the rule of fourths. Each cause
contributes to about ¼ of the decline seen in older adults.
Disease: medical diagnoses
Disuse: Sedentary lifestyle, lack of medical engagement
Physiologic aging: normal age-related decline
Misuse: smoking, substance abuse, prior injuries
The free radical theory of aging
Beers Criteria includes five lists that describe certain medications
potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older adults
PIM use in older adults due to medication-disease or medication-syndrome interactions that
may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
medications to be used cautiously in older adults
clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in
older adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions
when one medication systemically alters the potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction
result of a change due to one medication's effect on another medication's route of entry into
the body.
Distribution Interaction
caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available at the various target sites
Metabolism Interaction
concentration of the medication after biotransformation into active and inactive metabolites
in higher or lower than expected.
Elimination Interaction
the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by altering a metabolite from the
body.
, Pharmacodynamic Interactions
does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination because of the
one medication's ability to manipulate the effect of another medication at its site of action.
Cilia atrophy
increased risk of infection
the Hayflick limit
normal human cell can undergo mitosis 40-60 times before it can no longer divide
Telomeres
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protein structures that sit like caps on the end of chromosomal
strands. Telomeres protect the chromosomes in each cell from damage. Every time a cell
divides, the telomere shortens. This shortening leads to apoptosis (cell death), senescence
(deterioration with age), or oncogenic (cancer-causing) changes of the cell (Chakravarti et al.,
2021). Telomeres shorten with age, increasing the risk of DNA damage in the cell, which
leads to an increase in senescence and apoptosis
rule of fourths
functional decline in aging may be classified by using the rule of fourths. Each cause
contributes to about ¼ of the decline seen in older adults.
Disease: medical diagnoses
Disuse: Sedentary lifestyle, lack of medical engagement
Physiologic aging: normal age-related decline
Misuse: smoking, substance abuse, prior injuries
The free radical theory of aging
