portage pathophysiology module 8 exam 25+ (Updated for 2026) Exam Prep Pack A+ Questions & Verified Answers

portage pathophysiology module 8 exam 25+
(Updated for 2026) Exam Prep Pack A+
Questions & Verified Answers
1. A patient presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, and is found to have a fa
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sting blood glucose of 140 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
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a) Diabetes Insipidus
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b) Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
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c) Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
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d) Prediabetes
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2. Which of the following best describes the underlying pathophysiology of Type 1 Diab
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etes Mellitus? nb




a) Insulin resistance at the cellular receptor level
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b) Autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells
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c) Excessive secretion of glucagon by alpha cells
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d) Impaired glucose absorption in the small intestine
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3. A patient with Type 1 Diabetes is brought to the ER with a blood glucose of 450 mg/d
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L. Labs show an arterial pH of 7.20 and high serum ketones. This patient is most likely e
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xperiencing:
a) Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
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b) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
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c) Lactic Acidosis
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d) Hypoglycemic Shock
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4. In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which of the following is a key pathophysiological feature
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?
a) Absolute lack of insulin production
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b) Increased sensitivity of insulin receptors
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c) Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
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d) Overproduction of insulin by the pancreas
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5. Which medication is associated with the side effect of lactic acidosis, requiring caution
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in patients with renal or hepatic impairment?
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,a) Glipizide
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b) Metformin
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c) Insulin Glargine
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d) Acarbose
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6. The release of which of the following hormones directly stimulates the breakdown of
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glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)?
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a) Insulin
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b) Cortisol
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c) Glucagon
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d) Aldosterone
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7. Cushing's Syndrome is characterized by which of the following hormonal imbalances?
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a) Excess secretion of growth hormone
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b) Excess secretion of cortisol
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c) Insufficient secretion of ACTH
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d) Excess secretion of aldosterone
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8. A patient with Cushing's Syndrome would likely exhibit which of the following clinical
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manifestations?
b




a) Truncal obesity, moon face, and purple striae
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b) Weight loss and hyperpigmentation
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c) Hypotension and hyponatremia
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d) Decreased blood glucose levels
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9. Addison's Disease results from a deficiency in which adrenal cortex hormones?
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a) Cortisol and Aldosterone
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b) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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c) Cortisol and Estrogen
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d) Aldosterone and Testosterone
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10. A patient with Addison's Disease is at risk for an adrenal crisis. Which of the followin
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g precipitating factors is the most common cause?
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a) High carbohydrate meal
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b) Sudden withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy
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,c) Overhydration
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d) Increased sodium intake
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11. Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome) typically presents with which of the f
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ollowing laboratory findings? nb nb




a) Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia
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b) Hypokalemia and hypernatremia
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c) Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia
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d) Hypokalemia and hyponatremia
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12. Which of the following thyroid disorders is characterized by an autoimmune process
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that produces stimulating antibodies to the TSH receptor, leading to hyperthyroidism?
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a) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
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b) Graves' Disease
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c) Myxedema
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d) Plummer's Disease
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13. A patient with hyperthyroidism is most likely to exhibit which of the following sympt
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oms?
a) Bradycardia and weight gain
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b) Cold intolerance and lethargy
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c) Tachycardia and heat intolerance
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d) Constipation and dry skin
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14. Hypothyroidism in adults, if severe and untreated, can lead to a life-
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threatening condition characterized by hypothermia, bradycardia, and decreased mental
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status. This is known as:
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a) Myxedema Coma
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b) Thyroid Storm
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c) Graves' Ophthalmopathy
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d) Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
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15. A patient is diagnosed with a pituitary tumor that is secreting excessive amounts of
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growth hormone (GH) after the epiphyseal plates have closed. This results in which cond
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ition?
a) Gigantism
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, b) Acromegaly
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c) Cushing's Disease
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d) Dwarfism
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16. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is characterized by which
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of the following?
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a) Excessive water loss and hypernatremia
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b) Excessive water retention and hyponatremia
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c) Excessive sodium retention and hypertension
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d) Potassium loss and hypokalemia
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17. Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is caused by a deficiency or resistance to which hormone?
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a) Aldosterone
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b) ADH (Vasopressin)
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c) Insulin
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d) Cortisol
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18. A major complication of untreated Diabetes Insipidus is:
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a) Fluid overload and heart failure
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b) Severe dehydration and hypernatremia
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c) Metabolic acidosis
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d) Hyperkalemia
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19. A patient is taking Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. Which of the following statem
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ents about this medication is correct?
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a) It is a synthetic form of T3.
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b) It is a synthetic form of T4.
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c) It should be taken with food to increase absorption.
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d) It will result in a decreased TSH level if the dose is too low.
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20. Which of the following is a common long-
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term complication of Diabetes Mellitus that affects the retina?
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a) Nephropathy
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b) Neuropathy
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c) Retinopathy
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d) Atherosclerosis
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