NSG 5140 WEEK 10 FINAL EXAM 2026
COMPLETE ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Mitochondria.
Answer: Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to
their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
⩥ Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values.
Answer: In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or
accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
⩥ B Lymphocytes.
Answer: B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce
antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
⩥ Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury.
Answer: Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to
water influx and cell swelling.
⩥ Interleukin-1 (IL-1).
Answer: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set
point, causing fever.
,⩥ Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Answer: Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
⩥ Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation.
Answer: Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood
flow to the inflamed area.
⩥ Down Syndrome.
Answer: Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features.
⩥ Liquefactive Necrosis.
Answer: In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of
dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
⩥ IgM.
Answer: IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in
agglutination and complement activation.
⩥ Oncogene.
Answer: Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated
cell proliferation.
,⩥ Hypokalemia.
Answer: Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential,
increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
⩥ Type III Hypersensitivity.
Answer: SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading
to widespread inflammation and tissue damage.
⩥ Frontal Lobe.
Answer: The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates
voluntary movement.
⩥ Impaired tissue perfusion.
Answer: Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.
⩥ Bronchoconstriction and mucus production.
Answer: Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle
constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the airway.
⩥ Apoptosis.
Answer: Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or
unneeded cells without inflammation.
, ⩥ Atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
Answer: Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary
arteries and causing infarction.
⩥ Serum creatinine.
Answer: Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated
levels suggest impaired renal function.
⩥ Aldosterone.
Answer: Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal
nephron to increase blood volume.
⩥ Hypovolemic shock.
Answer: Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces
preload and cardiac output.
⩥ Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Answer: Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force,
increasing output.
⩥ Elevated LDL cholesterol.
Answer: LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls,
promoting atherosclerosis.
COMPLETE ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Mitochondria.
Answer: Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to
their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
⩥ Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values.
Answer: In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or
accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
⩥ B Lymphocytes.
Answer: B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce
antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
⩥ Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury.
Answer: Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to
water influx and cell swelling.
⩥ Interleukin-1 (IL-1).
Answer: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set
point, causing fever.
,⩥ Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Answer: Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
⩥ Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation.
Answer: Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood
flow to the inflamed area.
⩥ Down Syndrome.
Answer: Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features.
⩥ Liquefactive Necrosis.
Answer: In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of
dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
⩥ IgM.
Answer: IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in
agglutination and complement activation.
⩥ Oncogene.
Answer: Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated
cell proliferation.
,⩥ Hypokalemia.
Answer: Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential,
increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
⩥ Type III Hypersensitivity.
Answer: SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading
to widespread inflammation and tissue damage.
⩥ Frontal Lobe.
Answer: The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates
voluntary movement.
⩥ Impaired tissue perfusion.
Answer: Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.
⩥ Bronchoconstriction and mucus production.
Answer: Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle
constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the airway.
⩥ Apoptosis.
Answer: Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or
unneeded cells without inflammation.
, ⩥ Atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
Answer: Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary
arteries and causing infarction.
⩥ Serum creatinine.
Answer: Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated
levels suggest impaired renal function.
⩥ Aldosterone.
Answer: Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal
nephron to increase blood volume.
⩥ Hypovolemic shock.
Answer: Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces
preload and cardiac output.
⩥ Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Answer: Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force,
increasing output.
⩥ Elevated LDL cholesterol.
Answer: LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial walls,
promoting atherosclerosis.
