NBME CBSE FORM 8 AND 6 EXAM
PREPARATION 2026 STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Polio live v killed vaccine.
Answer: Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
◉ Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx.
Answer: Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
◉ Lung maturity determined with.
Answer: Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
◉ Type I pneumocytes.
Answer: Squamous gas diffusion
,◉ Elastase in lungs.
Answer: macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
◉ Elastin stretches and recoils due to.
Answer: Lysine interchain crosslinks
◉ air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC.
Answer: Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
◉ Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during.
Answer: Exhale of Tidal Volume
◉ Lung Compliance is decreased by.
Answer: LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
◉ Lung Compliance is increased by.
Answer: emphysema, age
,◉ Obesity affects ERV and FRC.
Answer: DECREASE
ERV & FRC
◉ Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic).
Answer: pulmonary = systemic
◉ Anatomic pulmonary shunting.
Answer: Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
◉ More ventilation is at the.
Answer: BASE
◉ O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift.
Answer: basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
◉ O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift.
Answer: low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
, ◉ CO2 transport to lungs.
Answer: *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
◉ CO poisoning causes.
Answer: carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
◉ Cyanide poisoning causes.
Answer: lactic acidosis
◉ How to treat cyanide poisoning.
Answer: *Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
◉ Normal A-a gradient.
Answer: 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
◉ Increased A-a gradient.
PREPARATION 2026 STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Polio live v killed vaccine.
Answer: Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
◉ Neonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx.
Answer: Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birth
◉ Lung maturity determined with.
Answer: Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
L >> S
◉ Type I pneumocytes.
Answer: Squamous gas diffusion
,◉ Elastase in lungs.
Answer: macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*
◉ Elastin stretches and recoils due to.
Answer: Lysine interchain crosslinks
◉ air pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC.
Answer: Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5
◉ Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during.
Answer: Exhale of Tidal Volume
◉ Lung Compliance is decreased by.
Answer: LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
◉ Lung Compliance is increased by.
Answer: emphysema, age
,◉ Obesity affects ERV and FRC.
Answer: DECREASE
ERV & FRC
◉ Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic).
Answer: pulmonary = systemic
◉ Anatomic pulmonary shunting.
Answer: Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillaries
◉ More ventilation is at the.
Answer: BASE
◉ O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift.
Answer: basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
◉ O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift.
Answer: low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
, ◉ CO2 transport to lungs.
Answer: *carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)
◉ CO poisoning causes.
Answer: carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
◉ Cyanide poisoning causes.
Answer: lactic acidosis
◉ How to treat cyanide poisoning.
Answer: *Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)
◉ Normal A-a gradient.
Answer: 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
◉ Increased A-a gradient.
